英國於1780年左右進入工業革命，這個變化不僅將世界帶入一個新的動力時代，同時也加速人類社會的變遷。引領變革的英國，除了坐擁工業革命帶來的好處外，也受到工業化帶來的負面影響所衝擊。舊有的社會問題如社會貧困及民眾教育，在工業革命後也更形加劇。顯然地，現行的社會及政治制度已無法適應新時代的需求，英國內部出現了改革的呼聲，從而產生了激進運動。哲學上的功利主義思想，及政治上呼籲國會改革的行動等都可視為激進運動的一環。
受到啟蒙思想的影響，功利主義思想家體悟到惟有改善民眾教育情況，教育人民才能使更多人了解自身的政治處境，進而認同政治革新的行動。教育對功利主義思想家而言，猶如改善社會與政治現況的一帖良藥，而功利主義者對教育的重視，也間或影響了力圖革新政治的政治激進派份子。功利主義思想家的言論，加上一連串政治事件的影響，促使政治激進派份子重視民眾的教育。在1832年國會改革成功後，部分激進派份子入主國會，民眾教育的問題在國會中受到更多的關注，進而展開一系列關乎民眾教育的討論與立法，至終於十九世紀末期形塑出英國現代國民教育的雛形。
十九世紀是英國放任主義思想最為盛行的時期，而政府介入民眾教育的行為，無疑遭致多方的攻訐與反對，個人自由與政府控制之間如何取得平衡，成為英國的民眾教育發展為國家體制時的一大問題。本文欲以十九世紀自由主義思想家，同時也是功利義主義者的約翰‧史都華‧彌爾對國家介入民眾教育的看法作為一切入點，來探討英國近代國民教育思想的興起與轉變。同時，文中也欲從教育的面向，來觀察彌爾其具過渡性特色的自由主義思想。

The United Kingdom was recognized as the first industrialized country which began approximately in 1780 and brought about huge transformations both in Britain and other countries in Europe. Industrialization produced not only wealth and property for Britain but also caused many social problems including some of them had existed long time ago, such as popular education. Apparently, the old regime could not satisfy the needs of new social changes. Therefore, people who were regarded as radicals, such as Utilitarian and political radicals, launched the reform movement.
People who accepted the idea of Utilitarianism believed that to improve the popular education was the way to improve the quality of politics and society. This idea also influenced the political radicals who intended to reform the traditional politics in Britain. After the passage of the 1832 Reform Act, many young radicals were elected into the Parliament and brought a series of reform legislations including education acts for the popular which was finally turned out as the Elementary Act of 1870.
This thesis is going to discuss the idea of freedom of John Stuart Mill, a Liberalist, and how he thought about the state should interfere in the public education or not. Especially, he analyzed the point of the conflict between personal freedom and state control in public educational system. He also modified the classical interpretation of liberalism and supported the national education under a certain limit in modern Britain. What John Mill had showed his point of view of national education had demonstrated the transitional and revisionary character of Mill’s liberalism.

(一)原始史料
Bentham, Jeremy, The Principles of Morals and Legislation,Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1988.
Daly, J. Bowles, The Dawn of Radicalism. London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1892.
Hansard, National Education(Roebuck’s speech), 1833,Vol.XX, cols. 139- 66.
Hansard, Elementary Education Bill, 1870, Vol. 208, cc. 821-865.
Holyoake, George Jacob, Life of Joseph Rayner Stephens, reacher and Political Orator. London, Edinburgh: Williams & Norgate, 1881.
Hyndman, H. M., The Historical Basis of Socialism in England. London: Kegan Paul,Trench, 1883.
Mill, J. S., ‘Inaugural Address Delivered to the University of St. Andrews’ in Robson, J. M. edited, Collected Works of John Stuart Mill: Essays on Equality, law and Education. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1963,Vol. XXI.
Mill, J. S., ‘On Punishment’, in Robson, J. M. edited, Collected Works of John Stuart Mill:Essays on Equality,law and Education. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1963,Vol. XXI.
Mill, J. S., ‘Reform in Education’ in Robson, J. M. edited, Collected Works of John Stuart Mill: Essays on Equality, law and Education. Toronto: University of Toronto Press,1963, Vol. XXI.
Mill, J. S., Autobiography, in Robson, J. M. edited, Collected Works of John Stuart Mill. Indianapolis:Liberty Fund, 2006, Vol. I.
Mill, J. S., On Liberty, in Robson, J. M. edited, Collected Works of John Stuart Mill: Essays on Politics and Society. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1963,Vol. VXIII.
Mill, J. S., Principles of Political Economy Book V: On the Influence of Government, in Robson, J. M. edited, Collected Works of John Stuart Mill. Indianapolis:Liberty Fund,2006, Vol. III.
Mill, J. S., Utilitarianism, in Robson, J. M. edited, Collected Works of John Stuart Mill. Indianapolis:Liberty Fund, 2006, Vol. X.
Treasury Minute,1833.

(二)外文專書
Barnard, H.C., A Short History of English Education: From 1760. London: University of London Press, 1961.
Berlin, Isaish, Four Essays on Liberty. New York: Oxford University Press, 1978.
Bishop, A. S., The Rise of a Central Authority for English Education. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1971.
Garforth, F. W., John Stuart Mill on Education. New York: Teachers College, Columbia University, 1971.
Garforth, F. W., Educative Democracy: John Stuart Mill on education in society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1980.
Gay, Peter, The Enlightenment. London: Weidenfield & Nicolson, 1967, Vol. 1.
G. M. Young and W. D. Hancock, eds., English Historical Documents, XII(1), 1833-1874.New York: Oxford University Press, 1956.
Gray, John, Liberalism, Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1986.
Gray, John, Two Faces of Liberalism, Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2000.
Hamburger, Joseph, John Stuart Mill on Liberty and Control, Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 1999.
Hobhous, L.T., Liberalism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1964.
Lawson, J., Silver, H., A Social History of Education in England. London: Methuen & Co Ltd., 1973.
Lawton, Denis, Gordon, Peter, A History of Western Educational Ideas, London: Routledge Falmer, 2002.
Maccoby, S. ed, English Radicalism, 18320- 1852. London: Routledge, 2002.
Maclure, S. ed., Educational documents England and Wales, 1810- to the present. London:Methuen, 1973.
Musgrave, P. W., Society and Education in England Since 1800. London: Methuen,1968.
Robert, David, Victorian Origins of the British Welfare State. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1960.
Ruggiero, De. Guido, translated by Collingwood, R. G., The history of European Liberalism.Boston: Beacon Press, 1959.
Royle, Edward, Modern Britain: A Social History 1750-1997. London: Arnold, 1997.
Simon, Brian, Studies in the History of Education, 1780-1870. London: Lawrence& Wishart, 1960.
Stewart, W.A.C. Progressives and Radicals in English Education, 1750-1970. New Jersey:Augustus M. Kelley Publishers, 1972.
Silver, Harold, English Education and the Radicals 1780-1850. London; Boston: Routledge& K. Paul, 1975.
Thompson, F.M.L. The Cambridge social history of Britain,1750-1950. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1990.
West, G. E., Education and the State A Study in Political Economy, Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1994.
West, E. G., Education and the Industrial Revolution. Indianapolis Ind.: Liberty Fund,2001.
Woodward, L., The Age of Reform: 1815-1870. Oxford: the Clarendon Press, 1962.

(三)外文期刊/專書論文
Carbone, P. F. ‘John Stuart Mill on Freedom, Education, and Social Reform’, Journal of Educational Thought. Alberta: University of Calgary, Vol. 17 n. 1, 1983, pp.3-11.
Gray, John, ‘John Stuart Mill on Liberty, Utility, and Rights’, in Smith, G. W. edited, John Stuart Mill’s Social and Political Thought: critical assessments. London: Routledge,1998, Vol. II, pp. 140- 169.
Kocka, Jurgen, ‘The Middle Classes in Europe’, The Journal of Modern History. Chicago:The University of Chicago Press, Vol. 67, No. 4, 1995. 12, pp. 783-806.
Kurer, O. ‘John Stuart Mill on Government Intervention’, in Smith, G. W. edited, John Stuart Mill’s Social and Political Thought: critical assessments. London: Routledge,
1998, Vol. III, pp. 313-337.
Kurner, O. ‘John Stuart Mill and the Welfare State’ in Smith, G. W. edited, John Stuart Mill’s Social and Political Thought: critical assessments, London: Routledge, 1998,Vol. III, pp. 338- 354.
McCloskey, H. J., ‘Mill’s Liberalism’, in Smith, G. W. edited, John Stuart Mill’s Social and Political Thought: critical assessments, London: Routledge, 1998, Vol. II, pp. 49- 65.
Stefan Collini, ‘Introduction’, in Robson, J. M. edited, Collected Works of John Stuart Mill: Essays on Equality, law and Education. Toronto: University of Toronto Press,
1984, Vol. XXI.
Stone, Lawrence, ‘Literacy and Education in England 1640-1900’, Past and Present,Oxford: Oxford University Press, Vol. 42, 1969, pp. 69-139.
Thomas, D. A. Lloyd, ‘Liberalism and Utilitarianism’ in Smith, G. W. edited, John Stuart Mill’s Social and Political Thought: critical assessments, London: Routledge, 1998,Vol. I, pp. 307-322.
Wollheim, Richard, ‘John Stuart Mill and the Limits of State Action’, in Smith, G. W.edited, John Stuart Mill’s Social and Political Thought: critical assessments, London:
Routledge, 1998, Vol. II, pp. 75- 95.

(四) 中文專書
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周愚文，《英國教育史‧近代篇(1780-1044)》，台北：學富文化，2008。
林玉体，《西洋教育思想史》，台北：三民書局，2002。
柏林著、陳曉林譯，《自由四論》，台北：聯經出版社，1986。
約翰‧格雷著，傅鏗，姚欣榮譯，《自由主義》，台北：桂冠圖書，1991。
約翰‧葛雷(John Gray)著，蔡英文譯，《自由主義的兩種面貌》，台北：巨流 出版，2002。
張世雄，《社會福利的理念與社會安全制度》，台北：唐山出版社，1996。
張明貴，《自由論：西方自由主義的發展》，台北市：台灣書店，1998。
黃光雄，《西洋教育思想史研究》，台北：師大書苑，1998。
黃光雄，《蘭開斯特與導生學校運動》，高雄：復文圖書出版社，1982。
蒲薛鳳，《西洋近代政治思潮 下冊》，臺北：臺灣商務印書館，1979。
許介麟，《英國史綱》，臺北：三民書局，2008。
Labourdette, Andre著，范曉雷譯，《退休制度》，北京：商務印書館，1997。
Speck, W. A.著，麋佳譯，《抗拒民主的國家 大不列顛的遲疑與抉擇，1707-
1975》，台北：左岸文化，2002年。

(五)中文期刊論文
王芝芝，〈論十九世紀英國自由主義的發展〉，《國立台灣大學歷史學系學報》，台北：台灣大學，1976年5月，第3期，頁381- 408。
吳美玲，〈約漢彌爾功利主義與自由思想對現今道德教育之啟示〉，《教育研究(高師)》，高雄：國立高雄師範大學教育學系教育研究學會，第7期，1999年7月，頁313-326。
呂家豪，〈約翰彌爾功利主義思想與自由思想及其在教育上的啟示〉，《教育研究(高師)》，高雄：國立高雄師範大學教育學系教育研究學會，第9期，2001年6月，頁97-107。
林志穎、張耀謙，〈論穆勒對英國自由主義轉化之貢獻〉，《臺北市立師範學院學報(人文藝術類社會類科學教育類)》，台北：臺北市立師範學院，第35卷，第二期，2004年9月，頁113-131。
蘇彗君，〈論約翰彌爾的社會福利思想〉，《華信金融季刊》，台北：華信商業銀行，第9期，2000年3月，頁99-124。

(六)中文專書論文
吳清山，〈國民教育研究〉，收錄於歐陽教、陳奎熹，楊思偉主編，《教育學入門》，台北：商鼎文化，1999年，頁109-127。
林萬億，〈福利國家的興起〉，收錄於林萬億，《福利國家─歷史比較的分析》，臺北：巨流圖書，1994，頁5-70。
詹火生，〈社會福利理論〉，收錄於古允文等譯，《社會福利發展：經驗與理論》，台北：桂冠圖書，1998，頁3-19。

(七)中文學位論文
李季穎，《進步、功利與自由─約翰‧密爾政治思想之研究》，台北：東吳大學政治學系碩士論文，2007年。
張培倫，《道德規則與正義─彌爾效益主義研究》，台北：國立台灣大學政治學系碩士論文，1997。
廖斌洲，《菁英、教育與代議政府─詹姆士彌爾政治思想之研究》，台北：國立政治大學政治學系碩士論文，2007年。
蘇慧君，《社會福利與分配正義─論約翰彌爾之社會福利思想》，台北市：國立政治大學財政研究所碩士論文，1999。

(八)網路資料
Becker, S. O., Hornung, E., Woessmann, L, ‘Being the educational world leader helped Prussia catch up in the Industrial Revolution’, Vox, 2010, 5.資料轉自線上資料庫<www.voxeu.org/index.php?q=node/5006>，2010-01-10.
William Forster大英百科線上繁體中文版，關鍵字：William Forster，2011-01-17。
圈地運動。大英百科全書線上繁體中文版，<http://daying.wordpedia.com/>，2011-01-12。
激進派。大英百科全書線上繁體中文版，<http://daying.wordpedia.com/>，2011-01-12。