目的：隨著醫療的進步，極低出生體重早產兒之存活率顯著提升，然而後續罹患精神發展後遺症之比例仍未下降。過去研究顯示即使排除早期發展遲緩因素之影響，極低出生體重 (Very Low Birth Weight, VLBW) 早產兒於六歲學齡前期之認知與情緒執行能皆顯著差於同齡足月兒童，八歲與十歲時各項執行功能指標與足月兒童則未顯差異，然過去鮮少有研究以縱貫面探討學齡前期至學齡期VLBW早產兒認知與情緒執行功能發展遲緩。本研究欲針對早期發展正常VLBW早產兒進行長期追蹤，探討學齡前至學齡期間認知與情緒執行功能發展之變化，並參照常模對照組兒童之表現分別建立認知和情緒執行功能發展切點，作為判定發展遲緩之依據。
方法：早產組與常模對照組為年齡介於六歲至十歲兒童。早產組來自財團法人中華民國早產兒基金會」所轉介之台南區2006年至2011年出生且符合早期發展正常收案標準之VLBW早產兒，共40名；常模對照組則來自台南市幼兒園和國小當中自願參與且符合收案標準之足月出生兒童，六歲、八歲及十歲各50名。以魏氏兒童智力測驗第四版 (WISC-IV)、廣泛性非語文注意力測驗 (CNAT)、Knox方塊仿效測驗 (KCT)、倫敦塔 (ToL)、威斯康辛卡片分類測驗 (WCST) 及台灣兒童版生態衡鑑，作為評估認知執行功能（包含：工作記憶、計畫能力、認知彈性、抑制能力）與情緒認知功能（包含：心智理論、延宕滿足、情緒調節）之工具，並以常模對照組兒童之表現建立認知與情緒執行功能發展遲緩切點，將各項指標分數落於3～25%，視為表現較差 (Fair, F)；2% 以下，視為表現差 (Poor, P)，對早產組之認知和情緒執行功能表現進行分析。
結果：（1）在認知執行功能方面：六歲早產組於計畫能力和抑制能力之平均顯著差於常模對照組，雖工作記憶與認知彈性表現皆未達顯著，但整體表現均較常模對照組差；隨年齡發展，八歲與十歲早產組和同齡常模對照組兒童之認知執行功能平均未呈現明顯差異。（2）在情緒執行功能方面：六歲早產組於延宕滿足表現上較常模對照組差，然在心智理論與情緒調節方面兩組則未顯差異；隨著年齡發展，八歲與十歲早產組和同齡常模對照組兒童之情緒執行功能無顯著差別。（3）進一步分析早產組六歲至十歲之認知與情緒執行功能表現：早產組40名皆參與六歲、八歲及十歲追蹤且未曾因執行功能發展遲緩而接受介入者之長期追蹤資料顯示，其於認知和情緒執行功能各項指標之平均分數會隨年齡增長而顯著進步。（4）於六歲整體認知執行功能遲緩者中，至八歲（約73%）與十歲（約64%）時仍落於遲緩範圍；於六歲整體情緒執行功能遲緩者中，至八歲（約74%）與十歲（約42%）時仍落於遲緩範圍。
結論：早期發展正常之VLBW早產兒於六歲時有認知與情緒執行功能發展遲緩之現象，隨年齡增長至八歲與十歲時，其於認知和情緒執行功能之表現平均可達同齡常模對照組之水平，然仍有個別差異，建議針對執行功能遲緩之VLBW早產兒予以早期介入。另外，亦發現VLBW早產兒即使六歲學齡前執行功能發展正常，至八歲或十歲學齡期仍有落於遲緩之可能，因此長期追蹤這群早期發展正常之VLBW早產兒的認知與情緒執行功能是有必要的。

The present study aimed to investigate the development of cool and hot executive functions (EFs) in very low birth weight (VLBW, <1500g) preterm children with normal early development longitudinally. Forty preterm children born VLBW were followed up at ages 6, 8, and 10. Fifty term-born controls were recruited at each age stage. Cool EF was assessed using backward digit span subtest of WISC-IV, Knox’s Cube Test, Comprehensive Non-verbal Attention Test Battery (CNAT), Tower of London (ToL), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and hot EF was assessed using Theory of Mind (ToM) and Delay of Gratification (GIFT) tasks. A cut-off was determined for cool and hot EFs to discriminate the EFs delay. The six-year-old VLBW preterm group showed significantly lower scores of planning in ToL, inhibition control in CNAT, and in both ToM and GIFT tasks. There is no significant difference in the average of EFs between the eight and ten-year-old preterm and the control groups. Follow-up data of 40 preterm participants showed that the average scores of each index in EFs improved significantly with age. Among the six-year-old preterm children who were cool EF delayed, there were still 73% of delays at the age of eight and 64% at ten, while for those who were hot EF delayed at the age of six, there were still 74% of delays at the age of eight and 42% at ten. Therefore, early intervention is recommended for VLBW preterm with delayed EFs at six and long-term follow-up is necessary.

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