結合參數化設計工具與數位製造技術而建構的建築設計思維已然展現，本研究旨在整理參數化設計中使用設計模式的隱性知識。研究議題包含如何使用模式語言來記錄參數化設計的知識；與參數化設計工具如何輔助建築師重拾賦予建築豐富表情的機會。本研究採用案例分析與實作法，研究目標有三：（一）指認參數化設計模式與其組合在設計過程中的使用；（二）建立一個架構來描述這些參數化設計模式；（三）示範此建立的架構之實際應用。

文獻中回顧建築領域中設計模式的發展，如現存的設計模式知識庫提供許多模式及其應用；與視覺化模式間的連結關係有利於模式語言的建立。本研究提出「Apalapade」參數化設計模式語言的架構來記錄設計知識，此架構包含詞彙、片語和語句。「詞彙」表示一個參數化設計模式；「片語」是由兩個以上的詞彙所組成慣用或特定的用法；而「語句」則由數個詞彙和片語所組成，結構完整的語句中通常包含涉及解決製造與營造問題的詞彙或片語。

本研究以三個既有參數化設計建築案例分析來檢驗「Apalapade」架構。透過發展一個設計加營建的建築立面來示範參數化設計模式語言的應用；並藉由完成局部的足尺實作模型來說明此架構在面對不同層級設計問題的通用性，如：從設計建築外層表面到建築表面材料的生產與製造。

總結本研究貢獻為提出「Apalapade」架構用以：記錄參數化設計中的設計模式、描述參數化設計中的隱性知識與產出具有整合設計到營造的建築資訊之設計。未來研究方向為從使用者與應用案例中探究「Apalapade」架構的多元適用性，並增加導覽內容與知識結構視覺化的工具。

This research aims to reveal the tacit knowledge of designing with parametric design patterns. The research objectives are: identifying patterns of using parametric design patterns in modeling; establishing a framework to describe the identified patterns of modeling and designing; and verifying and validating the framework through case studies and practical applications. Methods of literature survey, case studies, and hands on practices are employed to achieve the objectives.

Through extensive literature survey and case studies, the framework–Apalapade–is proposed to document knowledge of parametric design. The framework contains elements of words, phrases and sentences. A word signifies a parametric design pattern. A phrase, a composition of words, identifies compositional and idiomatic use of two or more parametric design patterns. A sentence, a set of words and phrases presents a semi-lattice network of parametric design patterns that addresses a design problem involving fabrication and construction.

Apalapade is validated through three case studies of known building projects. To verify the framework and demonstrate its expressive power, a design-build project is conducted. A full-scale mock-up of partial façade is built to examine uses of parametric design patterns at various levels of design tasks. The task levels range from designing the building envelope to individual façade panels for manufacturing.

To conclude, this thesis devises the Apalapade framework to document designs using parametric design patterns; to describe the knowledge of parametric design; and to help designers integrating design tasks involving fabrication and construction. Future directions of this thesis are to investigate the expressive power of Apalapade with more designers and design projects, and to enhance Apalapade with tools for element navigation and structure visualization.

AIACC. (2012). Parametric Design: a Brief History. Retrieved June 30, 2016, from http://www.aiacc.org/2012/06/25/parametric-design-a-brief-history/
Aish, R., & Woodbury, R. (2005, August 22-24). Multi-level interaction in parametric design. Paper presented at the 5th International Symposium on Smart Graphics, Frauenwörth Cloister, Germany, 151-162.
AKT. (2008). p.art at Adams Kara Taylor. In T. Sakamoto & A. Ferré (Eds.), From Control to Design: Parametric/Algorithmic Architecture (pp. 116-159). New York: Actar-D.
Alexander, C. (1964). Notes on the Synthesis of Form. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
Alexander, C. (1965). A city is not a tree. Architectural Forum, 122(1), 58-62.
Alexander, C. (1979). The Timeless Way of Building: New York: Oxford University Press.
Alexander, C., Ishikawa, S., & Silverstein, M. (1977). A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction. New York: Oxford University Press.
Baggetun, R., Rusman, E., & Poggi, C. (2004, June 21-26). Design patterns for collaborative learning: From practice to theory and back. Paper presented at the World Conference on Educational Multimedia, Hypermedia and Telecommunications, Lugano, Switzerland, 2439-2498.
Bernstein, P. G. (2008). Thinking versus making: remediating design practice in the age of digital representation. In B. Kolarevic & K. Klinger (Eds.), Manufacturing Material Effects: Rethinking Design and Making in Architecture (pp. 61-66). New York: Routledge.
Bertrand, V. S. (2015). Dongdaemun Design Plaza. Retrieved April, 08, 2015, from http://www.zaha-hadid.com/architecture/dongdaemun-design-park-plaza/
Borchers, J. O. (2001). A pattern approach to interaction design. AI & Society, 15(4), 359-376.
Buchanan, R. (1992). Wicked problems in design thinking. Design Issues, 8(2), 5-21.
Burry, M. (1999). Paramorph: anti-accident methodologies. AD: Hypersurface Architecture II, 69(9-10), 78-83.
Burry, M. (2011). Scripting Cultures: Architectural Design and Programming. London: Wiley.
Burry, M. (2016). Antoni Gaudí and Frei Otto: essential precursors to the parametricism manifesto. Architectural Design, 86(2), 30-35.
Cache, B., & Speaks, M. (1995). Earth Moves: the Furnishing of Territories. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Chandrasekaran, B. (1990). Design problem solving: a task analysis. AI Magazine, 11(4), 59-71.
Chermayeff, S., & Alexander, C. (1965). Community and Privacy: Toward a New Architecture of Humanism. Garden City, New York: Anchor Books.
Chien, S. F., Su, H. P., & Huang, Y. W. (2015, May 20-22). PARADE A pattern-based knowledge repository for parametric designs. Paper presented at the CAADRIA 2015: Emerging Experiences in the Past, Present and Future of Digital Architecture, Daegu, Republic of Korea, 375-384.
Derntl, M., & Motschnig-Pitrik, R. (2005). The role of structure, patterns, and people in blended learning. The Internet and Higher Education, 8(2), 111-130.
Doscher, M. (2013). Disposable code; persistent design. In S. Marble (Ed.), Digital Workflows in Architecture: Design–Assembly–Industry (pp. 206-225). Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser.
Fischer, T. (2012). Geometry rationalization for non-standard architecture. Architecture Science, 5, 25-47.
Foster and Partners. (2005). Modeling the Swiss Re Tower. Retrieved July 1, 2016, from http://www.architectureweek.com/2005/0504/tools_1-2.html
Foster and Partners. (2016). 30 St Mary Axe. Retrieved August 28, 2016, from http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/30-st-mary-axe/
Gamma, E., Helm, R., Johnson, R., & Vlissides, J. (1995). Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software. Indianapolis, USA: Pearson Education India.
Garber, R. (2014). BIM Design: Realising the Creative Potential of Building Information Modelling. West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
Goel, A., & Chandrasekaran, B. (2012). Case-based design: a task analysis. Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing, 2, 165-184.
Graham, I. (2003). A Pattern Language for Web Usability. Boston, MA, USA: Addison-Wesley.
Hudson, R. (2010). Strategies for Parametric Design in Architecture. An Application of Practice Led Research. (Ph.D. Dissertation), Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, UK.
Iwamoto, L. (2009). Digital Fabrications: Architectural and Material Techniques. New York: Princeton Architectural Press.
Jabi, W. (2013). Parametric Design for Architecture. London: Laurence King.
Johnson, B. (2013). Afterword In W. Jabi (Ed.), Parametric Design for Architecture (pp. 198-199). London: Laurence King.
Kalay, Y. E. (2004). Architecture's New Media, Principles, Theories, and Methods of Computer-Aided Design. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Kilian, A. (2006). Design innovation through constraint modeling. International Journal of Architectural Computing, 4(1), 87-105.
Kolarevic, B. (2004). Architecture in the Digital Age: Design and Manufacturing. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis.
Kwak, K. (2015, May 20-22). BIM Implementation at Samsung C&T. Keynote speech presented at the CAADRIA 2015: Emerging Experiences in the Past, Present and Future of Digital Architecture, Daegu, Republic of Korea, xvi.
Lai, C. C. (2011). Notes on a Pattern Language of Parametric Design. (MS Thesis), Department of Architecture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
Maleki, M. M., & Woodbury, R. F. (2008). Reinterpreting Rasmi Domes with geometric constraints: a case of goal-seeking in parametric systems. International Journal of Architectural Computing, 6(4), 375-395.
Mayne, T. (2013). Shift 2D to 3D. In S. Marble (Ed.), Digital Workflows in Architecture: Design–Assembly–Industry (pp. 202-205). Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser.
Mesarovic, M. D., Macko, D., & Takahara, Y. (1970). Theory of Hierarchical, Multilevel, Systems. Cleveland, Ohio: Academic Press
Morphosis + ATLV. (2016). Phare Tower Skin and Structure. Retrieved July 2, 2016, from http://atlv.org/project/pha.html
NBBJ. (2016). Hangzhou Stadium. Retrieved August 2, 2015, from http://www.nbbj.com/work/hangzhou-stadium/
Noble, J. (1998, November 9-13 ). Classifying relationships between object-oriented design patterns. Paper presented at the Australian Software Engineering Conference (ASWEC '98), Adelaide, Australia, 98-107.
PARADE. (2015). PARADE. Retrieved July 3, 2016, from http://parade.arch.ncku.edu.tw/
Persson, A., Stirna, J., Dulle, H., Hatzenbichler, G., & Strutz, G. (2003, September 1-5). Introducing a pattern based knowledge management approach: the Verbundplan case. Paper presented at the 14th International Conference on Database and Expert Systems Applications (DEXA 2003) Prague, Czech Republic, 777-781.
Peters, B. (2016). The West Kowloon Masterplan. Retrieved July 17, 2016, from http://www.bradypeters.com/the-great-canopy.html
Peters, B., & Whitehead, H. (2008). Geometry, form and complexity. In D. Littlefield (Ed.), Space Craft: Developments in Architectural Computing (pp. 20-33). London: RIBA Publishing.
Pfister, F., Chapurlat, V., Huchard, M., & Nebut, C. (2011, August 28-September 2). A design pattern meta model for systems engineering. Paper presented at the 18th International Federation of Automatic Control (IFAC 2011), Milano, Italy.
Pottmann, H., Asperl, A., Hofer, M., & Kilian, A. (2007). Architectural Geometry. Pennsylvania, USA: Bentley Institute Press.
Qian, C. Z., Chen, V. Y., & Woodbury, R. F. (2007, October 1-7). Participant observation can discover design patterns in parametric modeling. Paper presented at the ACADIA 2007: Expanding Bodies, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, 230-241.
QLAB. (2013). Wulai Parking Structure. Retrieved July 27, 2015, from http://www.archdaily.com/313990/wulai-parking-structure-qlab
Renzl, B. (2007). Language as a vehicle of knowing: the role of language and meaning in constructing knowledge. Knowledge Management Research & Practice, 5(1), 44-53.
Rittel, H. W., & Webber, M. M. (1973). Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences, 4(2), 155-169.
Salingaros, N. A. (2000). The structure of pattern languages. Architectural Research Quarterly, 4(02), 149-162.
Salingaros, N. A., & Mehaffy, M. W. (2006). A Theory of Architecture. Solingen, Germany: Umbau-Verlag.
Scheurer, F. (2013). Digital craftmanship: from thinking to modeling to building. In S. Marble (Ed.), Digital Workflows in Architecture: Design–Assembly–Industry (pp. 110-129). Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser.
Scheurer, F. (2016, May 30-April 2). Beyond BIM - Digital Planning and Construction as Continuous Designing. Keynote speech presented at the CAADRIA 2016: Living Systems and Micro-Utopias: Towards Continuous Designing, Melbourne, Australia, vii.
Schobert, W., & Schümmer, T. (2006, July 5-9). Supporting pattern language visualization with CoPE. Paper presented at the 11th European Conference on Pattern Languages of Programs (EuroPLoP 2006), Irsee, Germany, 343-358.
Schuemmer, T. (2003, April 5-10). Seeking for structure in a Groupware Pattern Language. Paper presented at the ACM CHI 2003 Human Factors in Computing Systems Conference Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, USA, 34-35.
Schuler, D. (2008). Liberating Voices: A Pattern Language for Communication Revolution. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Schumacher, P. (2014). Tectonic articulation: making engineering logics speak. Architectural Design, 84(4), 44-51.
Sennett, R. (2008). The Craftsman. New Haven, USA: Yale University Press.
Simon, H. A. (1975). Style in design. In C. M. Eastman (Ed.), Spatial Synthesis in Ccomputer-Aided Building Design (pp. 287-309). London: Applied Science Publishers.
Simon, H. A. (1996). The Sciences of the Artificial (3 ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT press.
Su, H. P., & Chien, S. F. (2016, March 30-April 2). Revealing Patterns. Paper presented at the CAADRIA 2016: Living Systems and Micro-Utopias: Towards Continuous Designing, Melbourne, Australia, 167-176.
Sutherland, I. E. (1963). Sketchpad: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System. (Ph.D. Dissertation), Department of Electrical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
Tidwell, J. (2010). Designing interfaces. Sebastopol, Canada: O'Reilly Media, Inc.
Wang, T. H. (2009). Design Patterns for Parametric Modeling in Grasshopper. Transformer. Retrieved July 10, 2016, from https://www.contrib.andrew.cmu.edu/org/tsunghsw-design/02_Patterns.html
Woodbury, R. (2010). Elements of Parametric Design. New York: Routledge.
Woodbury, R., & Burrow, A. (2006). Whither design space? Artificial Intelligence for Engineering Design, Analysis and Manufacturing 20(2), 63-82.
Zack, M. H. (1999). Managing codified knowledge. MIT Sloan Management Review, 40(4), 45.
Zimmer, W. (1995). Relationships between design patterns. In J. O. Coplien & D. Schmidt (Eds.), Pattern Languages of Program Design (pp. 345-364). New York: Addison-Wesley.