長期壓力對身心健康的危害已成為全球公共衛生議題，以「正念」為基礎的非藥物介入因此受到廣泛關注。雖然數位正念產品成功彌補了傳統實體課程在時間與空間上的結構性障礙，但其留存率仍面臨挑戰，可能反映出初學者在練習過程中面臨思緒游移、缺乏後設意識等認知層面的挑戰，導致無法持續維持注意力於當下的覺察。為回應此一體驗性障礙，本研究設計一款即時呼吸視覺回饋裝置，透過將使用者的呼吸狀態即時外部化為動態視覺訊號，作為正念練習的輔助介面，並探討其在急性壓力情境中對使用者正念狀態與生理放鬆的潛在效益。
本研究採取四組雙因子混合設計，包含聆聽有聲書音檔的對照組（C）、正念音檔組（E1）、即時呼吸回饋裝置組（E2）、正念音檔結合即時呼吸回饋裝置組（E3）。共招募 42 位受測者完成 84 人次實驗，實驗依序進行基線測量、Stroop Test 壓力誘發與介入恢復三個階段，並透過主觀壓力量表（SVAS）、狀態正念量表（SMS）與心率變異度（HRV）三項指標進行量測。
統計分析結果顯示，主觀指標 SVAS 與 SMS 的時間 × 組別交互作用均未達顯著；客觀指標 HRV 雖呈現顯著的時間 × 組別交互作用（p = .038, η² = .101），然而 Bonferroni 校正後的單純主效應分析未達顯著。儘管統計層面未獲支持，描述性趨勢仍呈現重要的探索性意義：配戴裝置之組別（E2、E3）於介入後皆呈 HRV 上升趨勢，未配戴裝置之組別（C、E1）則均呈下降；E2、E3組更是四組中在主觀壓力、主觀正念狀態與客觀生理指標三者恢復方向上均保持一致的組別。
本研究在討論層面從三個面向回應上述結果：方法論上，揭示了 Stroop Test 壓力誘發強度的限制、非母語英文音檔可能帶來的認知負荷干擾，以及短時單次正念介入效果在文獻中本身存在的爭議；理論層面，以內感受（interoception）作為理論框架，將本裝置的作用機制定位於內感受敏感度向度中的「察覺（Noticing）」功能面向；設計層面，透過三個面向的反思歸納具體設計指南，作為後續即時呼吸回饋裝置設計與相關研究的參考依據。
本研究的核心貢獻在於：第一，揭示數位正念產品在跨語言應用時的效果可複製性限制；第二，提供一個連結正念、內感受理論與視覺化介面設計的初探性框架；第三，提出立基於實驗觀察與理論基礎的設計指南，為未來相關研究與設計實踐奠定基礎。

The hazards of chronic stress to physical and mental health have become a global public health issue, drawing widespread attention to mindfulness-based non-pharmacological interventions. Although digital mindfulness products have successfully bridged the structural barriers of traditional physical classes in terms of time and space, their retention rates still face challenges, potentially reflecting cognitive hurdles faced by beginners during practice, such as mind-wandering and a lack of meta-awareness, which hinder their ability to sustain attention on present-moment awareness. To address this experiential barrier, this study designed a real-time respiratory visual feedback device. By externalizing users' respiratory states into dynamic visual signals in real time to serve as an auxiliary interface for mindfulness practice, this study explores its potential benefits on users' state mindfulness and physiological relaxation in acute stress scenarios.
This study adopted a four-group, two-way mixed design, comprising a control group listening to an audiobook (C), a mindfulness audio group (E1), a real-time respiratory feedback device group (E2), and a mindfulness audio combined with a real-time respiratory feedback device group (E3). A total of 42 participants completed 84 experimental sessions. The experiment sequentially proceeded through three phases: baseline measurement, Stroop Test stress induction, and intervention recovery, utilizing three metrics for measurement: the Subjective Visual Analog Scale (SVAS), the State Mindfulness Scale (SMS), and Heart Rate Variability (HRV).
Statistical analysis results showed that the time-by-group interaction effects for the subjective metrics SVAS and SMS were both non-significant. Although the objective metric HRV exhibited a significant time-by-group interaction effect (p = .038, eta squared = .101), simple main effects analyses following Bonferroni correction failed to reach significance. Despite lacking support at the statistical level, descriptive trends still present important exploratory significance: the device-wearing groups (E2, E3) both exhibited upward HRV trends following the intervention, whereas the non-wearing groups (C, E1) both showed downward trends. Furthermore, the E2 and E3 groups were the only ones among the four to maintain consistent recovery directions across subjective stress, state mindfulness, and the objective physiological metric.
In the discussion section, this study responds to the aforementioned results from three perspectives: Methodologically, it reveals limitations in the stress-induction intensity of the Stroop Test, potential cognitive load interference introduced by non-native English audio tracks, and the inherent controversy in literature regarding the effectiveness of short-term, single-session mindfulness interventions. Theoretically, adopting interoception as a framework, it positions the device's mechanism of action within the 'Noticing' functional dimension of interoceptive sensibility. At the design level, it summarizes concrete design guidelines through reflections across three dimensions, serving as a reference basis for subsequent real-time respiratory feedback device designs and related research.
The core contributions of this study lie in: First, revealing the replicability limitations of digital mindfulness products in cross-language applications; second, providing an exploratory framework connecting mindfulness, interoception theory, and visualized interface design; and third, proposing design guidelines grounded in experimental observations and theoretical foundations, laying the groundwork for future related research and design practices.

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