摘要

明代造船事業相當發達，全國各地的造船工匠為帝國打造了各色各樣船隻，這些船隻包含了黃船、馬船和快船。永樂遷都北京，明朝政府為了運送北京皇室生活需要的各種物資，調動了大量黃船、馬船和快船來充當運輸船。久而久之，明朝官員們使用「貢舫」來統稱負責運送官方物資的船隻。貢舫是一個龐大而且複雜的船舶體系，由來自不同政府部門的船隻組成。
貢舫的運作可以分成貢舫的管理與差撥兩個方面。對於貢舫的管理，明朝政府採用了把船隻和人員分開處理的方式。通過建立諸多制度和章程，政府確保了船隻和人員的數量。對於貢舫的調撥，明朝政府訂立了完整的流程，讓官員們遵守。無論是貢舫的管理，還是貢舫的調撥，明人都留下不少資料，《大明會典》、《龍江船廠志》和《南京都察院志》等書籍都可供參考。當政府下達調撥任務後，貨物會被裝上貢舫，貢舫會把貨物運送到北京。從貢舫運送的貨物種類，本文可以窺探明代皇室的生活。
經過政府長期頻繁地調撥後，貢舫帶來很多問題。不法官員們利用貢舫私載貨物與勒索財物，嚴重地影響南京軍民的生活，對貢舫制度造成很大的影響。明朝政府為此制訂了監管制度，打擊官員們的不法行為。明朝政府還改變了貢舫的管理制度，抒緩軍民的負擔。
在政府經營下，貢舫成為了一支龐大的運輸船隊，在明代造船業中有著重要的位置。天啓年間，貢舫仍然正常地運作，滿足皇室的生活需要。本文以貢舫為中心，一方面研究這支船隊的發展，另一方面探究這支船隊的運作與影響。

A Study of the Ming Gong Fang

Wai Keong-Mui
Yong Chang-Zheng
Department of History & College of Liberal Arts

SUMMARY

When Yongle Emperor reestablished the capital of the Ming dynasty in Beijing, he also built a new palace for his family. The life of Royal family expended a large number of goods every day. For this reason the government needed to ship many goods from the former national capital Nanjing. Yellow ship , Horse ship and Fast ship were ordered to take this mission. Then, these ships developed into Gong Fang. Government had set up a variety of systems and regulations , it allowed the transport fleet worked regularly.

Gong Fang was a huge transport fleet which was combined with hundreds of ships and thousands of people. A list of issues was created after long running operations.
In Nanjing, many families worked for Gong Fang and they suffered a lot . Government changed the system and regulations to solve the issues. Government reduced the size of the transport fleet too. These changes made Gong Fang could work longer until the end of the Ming dynasty.

In this paper, Gong Fang was the center. On one hand this paper would describe the the development of Gong Fang, the other hand the paper would explore the operation and impact of this transport fleet. According to the old books, this paper would restore the true face of Gong Fang.

INTRODUCTION

After Song dynasty and Yuan dynasty, the shipbuilding of the Ming Dynasty has developed into very high level in the history of Chinese shipbuilding. There were so many shipyards around the country. Such as Yellow ships, Horse ships and Fast ships
were built In Nanjing to meet the needs of the empire.

When Yongle Emperor re-established the capital of the Ming dynasty in Beijing, he also built a new palace for his family. The life of Royal family spent many goods every day. The government needed to ship many goods from the former national capital Nanjing to meet the royal demand. For this reason, Yellow ship, Horse ship and Fast ship were ordered to take this mission. When Wanli Emperor ruled the empire, officers used the word "Gong Fang" to call these ships.

Gong Fang was a great transport fleet which was combined Yellow ship, Horse ship and Fast ship. These ships came from different departments. Government had set up a variety of systems and regulations , it allowed the transport fleet would work regularly. The management of Gong Fang could be divided into ship and freight. First, the government would hold the fleet. In the fleet, Government handled the ships and the people separately. Shipwrights built and repaired the ships in the shipyards around Nanjing. Many families lived in Nanjing worked for the fleet. When the mission was confirmed , the list of the goods would be issued. Gong Fang would be well prepared and the workers would freight the ships with goods. After the officers had checked the ships, Gong Fang would be allowed to leave. The goods on board were transported to Beijing. In the Ming Dynasty, Gong Fang shipped a lot of goods to Beijing every year.

In this paper, Gong Fang was the center. On the one hand , the researcher would show the readers the development of Gong Fang. On the other hand the researcher would explore the operation and the management of this fleet.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Though Yongle Emperor relocated the capital to Beijing, Nanjing was demoted to a secondary capital and many departments keep working. Many officers lived in Nanjing and they paid attention to the operation of the government.

Gong Fang was a large and complex system of vessels, the ships came from different government departments. Government established many institutions and constitution. The operation of Gong Fang was assured. The institutions and constitutions were written into the books and these books were retained.

After Gong Fang had been worked for many years , there were a lot of problems emerged from the public. Many officers recorded the painful life of the families that worked for Gong Fang. Some officers suggested that government should change the institutions and constitutions. The suggestions were written into the officers' works.

Whether the management of Gong Fang, or the operation of Fang Gong, Ming officers left a lot of information in their books. Such as "Da Ming Hui Dian", "Longjiang shipyard Chi" and "Nanjing Censorate Chi" are available nowadays. Thanks to these books the researchers could study the history of Gong Fang.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In the Ming Dynasty, Gong Fang shipped a lot of goods every year. Gong Fang was a great transport fleet which was combined with thousands of ships. In this fleet , small ships played the most important role. The small ships could sail faster and they could go through the shallow river. Government sent a lot of small ships to transport goods to Beijing.

In the history of Gong Fang, the secondary capital Nanjing played a important role. Nanjing was the home port of Gong Fang. Many families lived in Nanjing worked for this fleet. Many departments managed the fleet around the city. Hundreds of Gong Fang transported a large number of goods from Nanjing to Beijing. Nanjing was a important port.

Ming government built Gong Fang on a series of systems and regulations. The government established a complete process for the operation of Gong Fang, so officials and soldiers were complied with. The process made Gong Fang could work regularly. The ships could be well prepared and government could keep enough ships to run.

When the government ordered Gong Fang to transport the goods, unscrupulous officials transported their properties in the same time. They forced the sailors to give the money. These illegal acts made sailors suffered a lot. Many sailors left their posts. The government formulated some regulations to combat with the officials' illegal acts. The officials of Ming government tried their best to make the transport fleet could run longer. The methods of management was effective in keeping Gong Fang run until the end of the Ming Dynasty.

CONCLUSION

In the Ming Dynasty, Gong Fang became a huge transport fleet under the support of government. This fleet held an important position in the history of Ming shipbuilding industry. Gong Fang transported a lot of goods to meet the needs of royal family. Through the list of goods, the researchers could explore the life of the Ming royal family. Unfortunately the paper was too short, the researchers could not show the readers all the things. More researches about Gong fang should be finished in the future.

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二、中日專書
1. 上海中國航海博物館編，《中國航海文化之地位與使命》，上海：上海書店出版社，2011。
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三、學位論文
1. 李其霖，〈清代前期沿海的水師與戰船〉，南投︰國立暨南國際大學，博士論文，2009。
2. 葉宗翰，〈明代的造船事業－造船發展背景的歷史考察〉，臺北︰中國文化大學，碩士論文，2002。

三、期刊論文
1. 李其霖，〈清代前期沿海的水師與戰船〉，南投︰國立暨南國際大學，博士論文，2009。
2. 李龍潛，〈明代南京馬快船考釋〉，《暨南史學》，2004年第00期，廣州：暨南大學中外關系研究所 ，2004。
3. 邱仲麟，〈冰窖、冰船與冰鮮：明代以降江浙的冰鮮漁業與海鮮消費〉，《中國飲食文化》，1卷2期，臺北： 財團法人中華飲食文化基金會，2005。
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8. 劉義傑著，〈明代南京造船廠探微〉，2010卷1期，《海交史研究》，泉州：海交史研究編輯部， 2010。
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