液胞(vesicle)結構作為藥物載體具有相當大的潛力，本研究由離子對雙親分子dodecyltrimethylammonium-dihexadecyl phosphate (DTMA-DHDP)製備陰陽離子液胞，添加不同比率去氧膽酸deoxycholic acid (DCA)以誘導陰陽離子液胞的酸鹼響應特性，並探討添加去氧膽酸對液胞物理特性與雙層膜結構流動性的影響，以及對環境(pH 5.0、6.6及7.4)的應答特性。動態光散射法分析結果顯示由DTMA-DHDP製備成的液胞穩定且帶負電，添加15~45 mol%的DCA會使液胞結構不穩定，5、10、50、60 mol%則可以形成穩定的液胞。利用螢光偏極化法量測液胞雙層膜結構的排列情形，顯示添加高濃度的去氧膽酸會使雙層膜結構的排列較整齊，推測去氧膽酸上的固醇環限制了雙層膜結構中分子碳鏈的擺動。當環境pH改變至6.6時，添加50、60mol%去氧膽酸的液胞雙層膜結構的分子排列最為紊亂，可能因為此環境下解離與未解離的去氧膽酸比例約為1:1 (去氧膽酸的pKa為6.58)，親疏水性相異導致位於雙層膜結構中位置不同的去氧膽酸同時存在而擾亂了分子碳鏈的排列。藥物釋放實驗可以觀察到類似的趨勢，添加50mol%去氧膽酸的液胞釋放藥物的速率高於無添加去氧膽酸的液胞。這些結果顯示添加一定量的去氧膽酸所製備的陰陽離子液胞可以響應環境pH的變化，並反映在雙層膜結構的排列上。

In the study, the effects of deoxycholic acid (DCA) on physical properties and bilayer fluidity of catanionic vesicles and the vesicle response to different environments (pH 5.0, 6.6 and 7.4) were investigated. A pseudotriple-chained ion pair amphiphile, dodecyltrimethylammonium-dihexadecyl phosphate (DTMA-DHDP), with added DCA were used to fabricate catanionic vesicles by a thin-film method. The addition of 15-45 mol% DCA would destabilize the vesicle structure. However, with 5, 10, 50 and 60 mol% DCA, stable vesicles were successfully fabricated. The fluorescence polarization (FP) analysis indicated that adding 50-60 mol% of DCA resulted in a more ordered arrangement of the vesicular bilayer structures, probably due to the sterol ring of DCA restricting the movement of hydrocarbon chains in the bilayer structures. When the environmental pH was adjusted to 6.6, the vesicles with 50 and 60 mol% DCA exhibited the disordered bilayer arrangement. At pH 6.6, the ratio of dissociated to undissociated DCA would be about 1:1 (pKa of DCA is 6.58). The dissociated and undissociated DCA with different hydrophobicity would stay at different positions in the bilayer structures and might disturb the bilayer structures. The similar trend was observed in the drug release experiments, where the vesicles with 50 mol% DCA exhibited a higher drug release rate than those without DCA. The results suggested that the catanionic vesicles fabricated with a specific amount of DCA could response to environmental pH, leading to a change in the bilayer structure arrangement.

Aiello, C., Andreozzi, P., La Mesa, C., & Risuleo, G. (2010). Biological activity of SDS-CTAB cat-anionic vesicles in cultured cells and assessment of their cytotoxicity ending in apoptosis. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 78(2), 149-154.
Amin, K., & Dannenfelser, R. M. (2006). In vitro hemolysis: guidance for the pharmaceutical scientist. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 95(6), 1173-1176.
Amrein, A., Hollenstein, H., Quack, M., Zenobi, R., Segall, J., & Zare, R. (1989). Fermi resonance structure in the CH vibrational overtones of CD3CHO. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 90(8), 3944-3951.
An, Z., Wei, Y., & Jang, C.-H. (2017). A new liquid crystal-based method to study disruption of phospholipid membranes by sodium deoxycholate. Liquid Crystals, 44(2), 427-435.
Ang, I. A. (2011). 含對稱雙十二碳鏈離子對雙親分子及帶負電脂質之 陰陽離子液胞的物理穩定性及維他命 E 醋酸酯包覆效率. 成功大學化學工程學系學位論文, 1-94.
Aramaki, Y., Takano, S., & Tsuchiya, S. (1999). Induction of apoptosis in macrophages by cationic liposomes. FEBS letters, 460(3), 472-476.
Bhattacharya, S., De, S., & Subramanian, M. (1998). Synthesis and vesicle formation from hybrid bolaphile/amphiphile ion-pairs. Evidence of membrane property modulation by molecular design. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 63(22), 7640-7651.
Bhattacharya, S., & Haldar, S. (2000). Interactions between cholesterol and lipids in bilayer membranes. Role of lipid headgroup and hydrocarbon chain–backbone linkage. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes, 1467(1), 39-53.
Blandamer, M. J., Briggs, B., Cullis, P. M., Rawlings, B. J., & Engberts, J. B. (2003). Vesicle-cholesterol interactions: Effects of added cholesterol on gel-to-liquid crystal transitions in a phospholipid membrane and five dialkyl-based vesicles as monitored using DSC. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 5(23), 5309-5312.
Blanzat, M., Perez, E., Rico-Lattes, I., & Lattes, A. (1999). Synthesis and anti-HIV activity of catanionic analogs of galactosylceramide. New Journal of Chemistry, 23(11), 1063-1065.
Blanzat, M., Perez, E., Rico-Lattes, I., Prome, D., Prome, J., & Lattes, A. (1999). New catanionic glycolipids. 1. Synthesis, characterization, and biological activity of double-chain and gemini catanionic analogues of galactosylceramide (galβ1cer). Langmuir, 15(19), 6163-6169.
Bui, T. T., Suga, K., & Umakoshi, H. (2016). Roles of sterol derivatives in regulating the properties of phospholipid bilayer systems. Langmuir, 32(24), 6176-6184.
Campbell, R. B., Balasubramanian, S. V., & Straubinger, R. M. (2001). Phospholipid-cationic lipid interactions: influences on membrane and vesicle properties. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes, 1512(1), 27-39.
Carmona-Ribeiro, A. M., Ortis, F., Schumacher, R., & Armelin, M. (1997). Interactions between cationic vesicles and cultured mammalian cells. Langmuir, 13(8), 2215-2218.
Carrion, F., De La Maza, A., & Parra, J. (1994). The influence of ionic strength and lipid bilayer charge on the stability of liposomes. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 164(1), 78-87.
Casaburi, I., Avena, P., Lanzino, M., Sisci, D., Giordano, F., Maris, P., Catalano, S., Morelli, C., & Ando, S. (2012). Chenodeoxycholic acid through a TGR5-dependent CREB signaling activation enhances cyclin D1 expression and promotes human endometrial cancer cell proliferation. Cell Cycle, 11(14), 2699-2710.
Casal, H. L., & Mantsch, H. H. (1984). Polymorphic phase behaviour of phospholipid membranes studied by infrared spectroscopy. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Reviews on Biomembranes, 779(4), 381-401.
Cevher, E., Sezer, A. D., & Çağlar, E. (2012). Gene delivery systems: Recent progress in viral and non-viral therapy. Recent Advances in Novel Drug Carrier Systems, 31, 437-470.
Chang, W.-H., Chuang, Y.-T., Yu, C.-Y., Chang, C.-H., & Yang, Y.-M. (2017). Effects of sterol-like additives on phase transition behavior of ion-pair amphiphile bilayers. Journal of Oleo Science, 66(11), 1229-1238.
Chen, W. D., Yu, D., Forman, B. M., Huang, W., & Wang, Y. D. (2013). Deficiency of G‐protein‐coupled bile acid receptor Gpbar1 (TGR5) enhances chemically induced liver carcinogenesis. Hepatology, 57(2), 656-666.
Chou, T.-H., Liang, C.-H., Lee, Y.-C., & Yeh, L.-H. (2014). Effects of lipid composition on physicochemical characteristics and cytotoxicity of vesicles composed of cationic and anionic dialkyl lipids. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 16(4), 1545-1553.
Chung, M.-H., & Chung, Y.-C. (2002). Polymerized ion pair amphiphile that shows remarkable enhancement in encapsulation efficiency and very slow release of fluorescent markers. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 24(2), 111-121.
Chung, M.-H., Park, C., Chun, B. C., & Chung, Y.-C. (2004). Polymerized ion pair amphiphile vesicles with pH-sensitive transformation and controlled release property. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 34(3), 179-184.
Chung, M.-H., Park, M.-J., Chun, B. C., & Chung, Y.-C. (2003). Encapsulation and permeation properties of the polymerized ion pair amphiphile vesicle that has an additional carboxyl group on anionic chain. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 28(2-3), 83-93.
Cortesi, R., Esposito, E., Menegatti, E., Gambari, R., & Nastruzzi, C. (1996). Effect of cationic liposome composition on in vitro cytotoxicity and protective effect on carried DNA. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 139(1-2), 69-78.
Dhawan, V. V., & Nagarsenker, M. S. (2017). Catanionic systems in nanotherapeutics–Biophysical aspects and novel trends in drug delivery applications. Journal of Controlled Release, 266, 331-345.
Feitosa, E., Alves, F. R., Niemiec, A., Real Oliveira, M. E. C., Castanheira, E. M., & Baptista, A. L. (2006). Cationic liposomes in mixed didodecyldimethylammonium bromide and dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide aqueous dispersions studied by differential scanning calorimetry, Nile Red fluorescence, and turbidity. Langmuir, 22(8), 3579-3585.
Fischer, A., Hebrant, M., & Tondre, C. (2002). Glucose encapsulation in catanionic vesicles and kinetic study of the entrapment/release processes in the sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate/cetyltrimethylammonium tosylate/water system. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 248(1), 163-168.
Fukuda, H., Kawata, K., Okuda, H., & Regen, S. L. (1990). Bilayer-forming ion pair amphiphiles from single-chain surfactants. Journal of The American Chemical Society, 112(4), 1635-1637.
Garg, T., & Goyal, A. K. (2014). Liposomes: targeted and controlled delivery system. Drug Delivery Letters, 4(1), 62-71.
Guha, P., Roy, B., Karmakar, G., Nahak, P., Koirala, S., Sapkota, M., Misono, T., Torigoe, K., & Panda, A. K. (2015). Ion-pair amphiphile: a neoteric substitute that modulates the physicochemical properties of biomimetic membranes. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 119(11), 4251-4262.
Gunarsa, C. A. (2010). 含雙十六碳鏈磷酸鹽之陰陽離子液胞的物理穩定性及維他命 E 包覆效率. 成功大學化學工程學系學位論文, 1-100.
Guo, C., Qi, H., Yu, Y., Zhang, Q., Su, J., Yu, D., Huang, W., Chen, W.-D., & Wang, Y.-D. (2015). The G-protein-coupled bile acid receptor Gpbar1 (TGR5) inhibits gastric inflammation through antagonizing NF-κB signaling pathway. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 6, 287.
Guo, H., Chen, W., Sun, X., Liu, Y.-N., Li, J., & Wang, J. (2015). Theranostic magnetoliposomes coated by carboxymethyl dextran with controlled release by low-frequency alternating magnetic field. Carbohydrate Polymers, 118, 209-217.
Guo, L., & Santschi, P. H. (2007). Ultrafiltration and its applications to sampling and characterisation of aquatic colloids. IUPAC Series on Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems, 10, 159.
Heimburg, T. (2000). A model for the lipid pretransition: coupling of ripple formation with the chain-melting transition. Biophysical Journal, 78(3), 1154-1165.
Hirano, K., Fukuda, H., & Regen, S. L. (1991). Polymerizable ion-paired amphiphiles. Langmuir, 7(6), 1045-1047.
Iguchi, Y., Yamaguchi, M., Sato, H., Kihira, K., Nishimaki-Mogami, T., & Une, M. (2010). Bile alcohols function as the ligands of membrane-type bile acid-activated G protein-coupled receptor. Journal of Lipid Research, 51(6), 1432-1441.
Israelachvili, J. N., Mitchell, D. J., & Ninham, B. W. (1976). Theory of self-assembly of hydrocarbon amphiphiles into micelles and bilayers. Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 2: Molecular and Chemical Physics, 72, 1525-1568.
Jiang, L., Wang, K., Deng, M., Wang, Y., & Huang, J. (2008). Bile salt-induced vesicle-to-micelle transition in catanionic surfactant systems: steric and electrostatic interactions. Langmuir, 24(9), 4600-4606.
Jiang, L., Wang, K., Ke, F., Liang, D., & Huang, J. (2009). Endowing catanionic surfactant vesicles with dual responsive abilities via a noncovalent strategy: introduction of a responser, sodium cholate. Soft Matter, 5(3), 599-606.
Jubeh, T. T., Barenholz, Y., & Rubinstein, A. (2004). Differential adhesion of normal and inflamed rat colonic mucosa by charged liposomes. Pharmaceutical Research, 21, 447-453.
Jurašin, D. D., Šegota, S., Čadež, V., Selmani, A., & Sikirć, M. D. (2017). Recent advances in catanionic mixtures. Application and Characterization of Surfactants, 1, 33-73.
Kaler, E. W., Murthy, A. K., Rodriguez, B. E., & Zasadzinski, J. A. (1989). Spontaneous vesicle formation in aqueous mixtures of single-tailed surfactants. Science, 245(4924), 1371-1374.
Karal, M. A. S., Ahmed, M., Levadny, V., Belaya, M., Ahamed, M. K., Rahman, M., & Shakil, M. M. (2020). Electrostatic interaction effects on the size distribution of self-assembled giant unilamellar vesicles. Physical Review E, 101(1), 012404.
Kawamata, Y., Fujii, R., Hosoya, M., Harada, M., Yoshida, H., Miwa, M., Fukusumi, S., Habata, Y., Itoh, T., & Shintani, Y. (2003). AG protein-coupled receptor responsive to bile acids. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278(11), 9435-9440.
Keough, K., & Davis, P. (1979). Gel to liquid-crystalline phase transitions in water dispersions of saturated mixed-acid phosphatidylcholines. Biochemistry, 18(8), 1453-1459.
Kondo, Y., Uchiyama, H., Yoshino, N., Nishiyama, K., & Abe, M. (1995). Spontaneous vesicle formation from aqueous solutions of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide and sodium dodecyl sulfate mixtures. Langmuir, 11(7), 2380-2384.
Kovács, P., Csonka, T., Kovács, T., Sári, Z., Ujlaki, G., Sipos, A., Karányi, Z., Szeőcs, D., Hegedűs, C., & Uray, K. (2019). Lithocholic acid, a metabolite of the microbiome, increases oxidative stress in breast cancer. Cancers, 11(9), 1255.
Kranenburg, M., & Smit, B. (2005). Phase behavior of model lipid bilayers. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 109(14), 6553-6563.
Krause, M. R., & Regen, S. L. (2014). The structural role of cholesterol in cell membranes: from condensed bilayers to lipid rafts. Accounts of Chemical Research, 47(12), 3512-3521.
Kuo, A.-T., & Chang, C.-H. (2016). Recent strategies in the development of catanionic vesicles. Journal of Oleo Science, 65(5), 377-384.
Kuo, J.-h. S., Chang, C.-H., Lin, Y.-L., & Wu, C.-J. (2008). Flow cytometric characterization of interactions between U-937 human macrophages and positively charged catanionic vesicles. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 64(2), 307-313.
Kuo, J.-H. S., Jan, M.-S., Chang, C.-H., Chiu, H.-W., & Li, C.-T. (2005). Cytotoxicity characterization of catanionic vesicles in RAW 264.7 murine macrophage-like cells. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 41(2-3), 189-196.
Large, D. E., Abdelmessih, R. G., Fink, E. A., & Auguste, D. T. (2021). Liposome composition in drug delivery design, synthesis, characterization, and clinical application. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 176, 113851.
Lasic, D. D. (1993). Liposomes: from physics to applications. Elsevier Science Limited.
Lasic, D. D., & Papahadjopoulos, D. (1996). Liposomes and biopolymers in drug and gene delivery. Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science, 1(3), 392-400.
Lebègue, E., Farre, C., Jose, C., Saulnier, J., Lagarde, F., Chevalier, Y., Chaix, C., & Jaffrezic-Renault, N. (2018). Responsive polydiacetylene vesicles for biosensing microorganisms. Sensors, 18(2), 599.
Lee, W.-H., Tang, Y.-L., Chiu, T.-C., & Yang, Y.-M. (2015). Synthesis of ion-pair amphiphiles and calorimetric study on the gel to liquid-crystalline phase transition behavior of their bilayers. Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data, 60(4), 1119-1125.
Lewis, R. N., & McElhaney, R. N. (2013). Membrane lipid phase transitions and phase organization studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes, 1828(10), 2347-2358.
Liang, C.-H., & Chou, T.-H. (2009). Effect of chain length on physicochemical properties and cytotoxicity of cationic vesicles composed of phosphatidylcholines and dialkyldimethylammonium bromides. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 158(2), 81-90.
Liu, X., Chen, B., You, W., Xue, S., Qin, H., & Jiang, H. (2018). The membrane bile acid receptor TGR5 drives cell growth and migration via activation of the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Letters, 412, 194-207.
Liu, Y.-S., Wen, C.-F., & Yang, Y.-M. (2012). Development of ethosome-like catanionic vesicles for dermal drug delivery. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 43(6), 830-838.
Lu, J., Zhang, L., Chen, X., Lu, Q., Yang, Y., Liu, J., & Ma, X. (2014). SIRT1 counteracted the activation of STAT3 and NF-κB to repress the gastric cancer growth. International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 7(12), 5050.
Luu, T. H., Bard, J.-M., Carbonnelle, D., Chaillou, C., Huvelin, J.-M., Bobin-Dubigeon, C., & Nazih, H. (2018). Lithocholic bile acid inhibits lipogenesis and induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Cellular Oncology, 41, 13-24.
Manaargadoo-Catin, M., Ali-Cherif, A., Pougnas, J.-L., & Perrin, C. (2016). Hemolysis by surfactants—A review. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 228, 1-16.
Mannock, D. A., Lewis, R. N., & McElhaney, R. N. (2009). A calorimetric and spectroscopic comparison of the effects on ergosterol and cholesterol on the thermotropic phase behavior and organization of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer membranes. Biophysical Journal, 96(3), 162a.
Marsh, D. (1990). CRC handbook of lipid bilayers.
Maruyama, T., Miyamoto, Y., Nakamura, T., Tamai, Y., Okada, H., Sugiyama, E., Nakamura, T., Itadani, H., & Tanaka, K. (2002). Identification of membrane-type receptor for bile acids (M-BAR). Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 298(5), 714-719.
McMullen, T. P., Lewis, R. N., & McElhaney, R. N. (2000). Differential scanning calorimetric and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic studies of the effects of cholesterol on the thermotropic phase behavior and organization of a homologous series of linear saturated phosphatidylserine bilayer membranes. Biophysical Journal, 79(4), 2056-2065.
Michel, N., Fabiano, A.-S., Polidori, A., Jack, R., & Pucci, B. (2006). Determination of phase transition temperatures of lipids by light scattering. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 139(1), 11-19.
Monte, M. J., Marin, J. J., Antelo, A., & Vazquez-Tato, J. (2009). Bile acids: chemistry, physiology, and pathophysiology. World Journal of Gastroenterology: WJG, 15(7), 804.
Mosley, G. L., Yamanishi, C. D., & Kamei, D. T. (2013). Mathematical modeling of vesicle drug delivery systems 1: vesicle formation and stability along with drug loading and release. Journal of Laboratory Automation, 18(1), 34-45.
Moss, G. (1989). Nomenclature of steroids (Recommendations 1989). Pure and Applied Chemistry, 61(10), 1783-1822.
Mourtas, S., Michanetzis, G. P., Missirlis, Y. F., & Antimisiaris, S. G. (2009). Haemolytic activity of liposomes: effect of vesicle size, lipid concentration and polyethylene glycol-lipid or arsonolipid incorporation. Journal of Biomedical Nanotechnology, 5(4), 409-415.
Neves, M. C., Filipe, H. A., Reis, R. L., Prates Ramalho, J. P., Coreta-Gomes, F., Moreno, M. J., & Loura, L. M. (2019). Interaction of bile salts with lipid bilayers: An atomistic molecular dynamics study. Frontiers in Physiology, 10, 393.
New, R. R. (1990). Liposomes. IRL at Oxford University Press.
Panda, A., Possmayer, F., Petersen, N., Nag, K., & Moulik, S. (2005). Physico-chemical studies on mixed oppositely charged surfactants: their uses in the preparation of surfactant ion selective membrane and monolayer behavior at the air water interface. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 264(1-3), 106-113.
Papahadjopoulos, D., Jacobson, K., Nir, S., & Isac, I. (1973). Phase transitions in phospholipid vesicles Fluorescence polarization and permeability measurements concerning the effect of temperature and cholesterol. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-Biomembranes, 311(3), 330-348.
Patel, V. R., & Agrawal, Y. (2011). Nanosuspension: An approach to enhance solubility of drugs. Journal of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology & Research, 2(2), 81-87.
Pucci, C., Scipioni, A., Diociaiuti, M., La Mesa, C., Pérez, L., & Pons, R. (2015). Catanionic vesicles and DNA complexes: a strategy towards novel gene delivery systems. RSC Advances, 5(99), 81168-81175.
Saitô, H., Sugimoto, Y., Tabeta, R., Suzuki, S., Izumi, G., Kodama, M., Toyoshima, S., & Nagata, C. (1983). Incorporation of bile acid of low concentration into model and biological membranes studied by 2H and 31P NMR. The Journal of Biochemistry, 94(6), 1877-1887.
Schubert, R., Beyer, K., Wolburg, H., & Schmidt, K. H. (1986). Structural changes in membranes of large unilamellar vesicles after binding of sodium cholate. Biochemistry, 25(18), 5263-5269.
Schubert, R., & Schmidt, K. H. (1988). Structural changes in vesicle membranes and mixed micelles of various lipid compositions after binding of different bile salts. Biochemistry, 27(24), 8787-8794.
Šegota, S., Težak, Đ., & Talmon, Y. (2005). New catanionic mixtures of didodecyldimethylammonium bromide/sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate/water with special reference to spontaneous formation of vesicles. II. Size and shape analysis by SAXS, light scattering, cryo‐TEM, and light microscopy. Soft Materials, 3(2-3), 51-69.
Shome, A., Kar, T., & Das, P. K. (2011). Spontaneous formation of biocompatible vesicles in aqueous mixtures of amino acid‐based cationic surfactants and SDS/SDBS. ChemPhysChem, 12(2), 369-378.
Soussan, E., Cassel, S., Blanzat, M., & Rico‐Lattes, I. (2009). Drug delivery by soft matter: matrix and vesicular carriers. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 48(2), 274-288.
Subedi, R. K., Oh, S. Y., Chun, M.-K., & Choi, H.-K. (2010). Recent advances in transdermal drug delivery. Archives of Pharmacal Research, 33, 339-351.
Subuddhi, U., & Mishra, A. K. (2007). Effect of sodium deoxycholate and sodium cholate on DPPC vesicles: A fluorescence anisotropy study with diphenylhexatriene. Journal of Chemical Sciences, 119, 169-174.
Sumida, Y., Masuyama, A., Takasu, M., Kida, T., Nakatsuji, Y., Ikeda, I., & Nojima, M. (2000). Behavior of self-organized molecular assemblies composed of phosphatidylcholines and synthetic triple-chain amphiphiles in water. Langmuir, 16(21), 8005-8009.
Sumida, Y., Masuyama, A., Takasu, M., Kida, T., Nakatsuji, Y., Ikeda, I., & Nojima, M. (2001). New pH-sensitive vesicles. Release control of trapped materials from the inner aqueous phase of vesicles made from triple-chain amphiphiles bearing two carboxylate groups. Langmuir, 17(3), 609-612.
Tomašić, V., Štefanić, I., & Filipović-Vinceković, N. (1999). Adsorption, association and precipitation in hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide/sodium dodecyl sulfate mixtures. Colloid and Polymer Science, 277, 153-163.
Tondre, C., & Caillet, C. (2001). Properties of the amphiphilic films in mixed cationic/anionic vesicles: a comprehensive view from a literature analysis. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 93(1-3), 115-134.
Vautrin, C., Zemb, T., Schneider, M., & Tanaka, M. (2004). Balance of pH and ionic strength influences on chain melting transition in catanionic vesicles. The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 108(23), 7986-7991.
Vist, M. R., & Davis, J. H. (1990). Phase equilibria of cholesterol/dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine mixtures: deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance and differential scanning calorimetry. Biochemistry, 29(2), 451-464.
Vlachy, N., Touraud, D., Heilmann, J., & Kunz, W. (2009). Determining the cytotoxicity of catanionic surfactant mixtures on HeLa cells. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 70(2), 278-280.
Voinea, M., & Simionescu, M. (2002). Designing of ‘intelligent’liposomes for efficient delivery of drugs. Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 6(4), 465-474.
Wang, C., Tang, S., Huang, J., Zhang, X., & Fu, H. (2002). Transformation from precipitates to vesicles in mixed cationic and anionic surfactant systems. Colloid and Polymer Science, 280, 770-774.
Yokouchi, Y., Tsunoda, T., Imura, T., Yamauchi, H., Yokoyama, S., Sakai, H., & Abe, M. (2001). Effect of adsorption of bovine serum albumin on liposomal membrane characteristics. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 20(2), 95-103.
Yokoyama, S., Inagaki, A., Imura, T., Ohkubo, T., Tsubaki, N., Sakai, H., & Abe, M. (2005). Membrane properties of cationic liposomes composed of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and dipalmityldimethylammonium bromide. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 44(4), 204-210.
You-Chao, Q., Guo-Zhen, D., Wei, M., Qian, L., Zhang, Y.-L., & Pei-Feng, L. (2020). Taurochenodeoxycholic acid mediates cAMP-PKA-CREB signaling pathway. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 18(12), 898-906.
Yu, W.-Y., Yang, Y.-M., & Chang, C.-H. (2005). Cosolvent effects on the spontaneous formation of vesicles from 1: 1 anionic and cationic surfactant mixtures. Langmuir, 21(14), 6185-6193.
王鈺婷. (2015). 帶負電陰陽離子液胞的物化特性及維他命 E 醋酸酯包覆效率-離子對雙親分子碳鏈結構的影響. 成功大學化學工程學系學位論文, 1-117.
吳芷容. (2008). 利用帶正電的陰陽離子液胞做為 DNA 載體之可行性的研究. 成功大學化學工程學系學位論文, 1-143.
呂奇達. (2005). 帶正電的陰陽離子液胞與 DNA 之結合行為的探討. 成功大學化學工程學系學位論文, 1-110.
李承軒. (2015). 帶正電陰陽離子液胞及其與 DNA 形成之複合物的物理穩定性. 成功大學化學工程學系學位論文, 1-113.
李威達. (2008). 陰陽離子型液胞組成材料之混合單分子層中分子作用的探討. 國立成功大學化學工程學系博士論文, 1-185.
李威漢. (2010). 陰陽離子界面活性劑的製備及其相轉移行為的熱卡分析. 國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文, 1-130.
李家如. (2011). 含不對稱碳鏈離子對雙親分子及帶負電脂質之陰陽離子液胞的物理穩定性及維他命 E 醋酸酯包覆效率. 國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文, 1-88.
林佳蓉. (2022). 帶負電陰陽離子液胞之溫度敏感特性的調控. 成功大學化學工程學系學位論文, 1-88.
林冠豪. (2004). 帶電的陰陽離子液胞之製備及物理穩定性研究. 成功大學化學工程學系學位論文, 1-86.
洪振益. (2009). 溫度效應對帶電陰陽離子液胞釋放行為的影響. 成功大學化學工程學系學位論文, 1-144.
張家綺. (2016). 以碳鏈長度為16-16-12之三碳鏈離子對雙親分子製備之陰陽離子液胞的物理特性. 國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文, 1-98.
張琇茹. (2023). 利用飽和脂肪酸調控類三碳鏈離子對雙親分子形成之陰陽離子液胞的雙層膜結構有序性及帶電特性. 成功大學化學工程學系學位論文, 1-130.
張維芬. (2012). 添加劑對雙十六碳鏈離子對雙親分子形成之陰陽離子液胞物化特性的影響. 成功大學化學工程學系學位論文, 1-106.
陳怡廷. (2021). 溫度和酸鹼度對類三碳鏈離子對雙親分子 ／膽固醇混合系統形成之帶正電陰陽離子液胞特性的影響. 國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文, 1-137.
陳冠丞. (2019). 三碳鏈離子對雙親分子形成之陰陽離子液胞的物化特性及維他命E醋酸酯包覆效率. 國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文, 1-110.
陳振豪. (2016). 不對稱碳鏈對離子對雙親分子雙層膜結構性質之影響以及環糊精/聚胺酸雙親分子凝膠化機制之探討. 成功大學化學工程學系學位論文, 1-96.
黃柏淞. (2020). 由帶正電陰陽離子液胞與玻尿酸製備之複合物的物理性質和包覆行為. 成功大學化學工程學系學位論文, 1-151.
蘇于晴. (2017). 具三條十六碳鏈之離子對雙親分子形成的陰陽離子液胞物理性質及液胞雙層膜中分子排列特性：膽固醇效應. 國立成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文, 1-116.