在高級淨水處理單元中，薄膜程序一直是被廣泛應用的技術之一。薄膜程序在淨水處理上可用來去除懸浮微粒、有機物、無機鹽及微生物，同時可以有效控制消毒副產物及其前驅物質，並可取代傳統淨水程序之混凝、沉澱，提升飲用水的適飲性。此外，在土地狹小、人口眾多的台灣，薄膜程序之應用亦具有節省佔地面積、擴建容易及操控簡單等優點。
然而，薄膜在淨水處理上，最大的瓶頸在於阻塞(fouling)。阻塞使得薄膜系統必須增加化學清洗之頻率，不僅減少產水量，同時會縮短薄膜之壽命、增加成本。因此，此項技術往往存在成本高、耗能多及回收率較傳統程序低等缺點。再者南部水廠原水水質長期存在優氧化及高硬度的特性，故本研究以藻酸為藻類胞外代謝物（extracellular organic matter, EOM）的代表，加上鈣離子及膠體顆粒，探討三者彼此的作用對於微過濾(microfiltration, MF) 薄膜阻塞機制影響。
實驗採用Polyvinylidenefluoride（PVDF）材質、孔徑大小為0.1μm的MF薄膜。先以藻酸、腐植酸、水楊酸及粒徑為0.8μm、0.1μm 及0.05μm的Latex particles分別進行薄膜過濾，探討單一物種對薄膜阻塞的影響。其次分別以（1）藻酸混合鈣離子、（2）藻酸混合不同粒徑的顆粒及（3）鈣離子混合不同粒徑的顆粒，來進行薄膜過濾試驗，觀察混合兩種物種對薄膜阻塞的影響。最後將藻酸、鈣離子及不同粒徑的顆粒三者混合，探討三者同時存在對於薄膜阻塞的影響。
研究顯示，藻酸在低pH值的情形下，對於MF薄膜的阻塞有很大的影響。當水體中含有大量的鈣離子時，鈣離子會和藻酸進行錯合的作用，同時也會成為藻酸和薄膜之間的架橋，進而使得阻塞的情形更為嚴重。
就顆粒大小而言，粒徑為0.1μm的顆粒最容易造成薄膜阻塞。但是，當有鈣離子存在時，鈣離子能使0.1μm的顆粒聚合成更大的顆粒，反而能有效的增加清水流通量，降低阻塞的生成。相反的，由顆粒分佈實驗得知藻酸具有膠凝作用（flocculation），也能使小顆粒凝聚成大顆粒，但是過量未解離的藻酸分子卻會阻塞薄膜的孔隙，加速阻塞的生成。
當藻酸、鈣離子及顆粒同時存在時，鈣離子會扮演重要的架橋角色；促進顆粒吸附藻酸，同時也增加顆粒在薄膜表面的沉積，造成薄膜嚴重的阻塞。
總之，EOM對於MF薄膜的阻塞有很大的影響，尤其是在水體中還同時存在鈣離子及其他顆粒性物質時。也因此，建議在進行薄膜程序的前處理時，需同時將三者的濃度減到某一程度以下，再進入薄膜程序，以降低薄膜在操作上可能碰到的相關問題。

In advanced water treatment, membrane filtration has been used widely throughout the world. It can be used to remove suspended solids, organics, inorganic salts and microorganism, and to control disinfections-by products (DBPs) effectively. As a matter of fact, coagulation and sedimentation in conventional process can be replaced with membrane process to improve the potability of drinking water. Besides, the membrane process has many advantages, such as small footprint, easy expansion and uncomplicated control, etc.
However, the major problem encounters in membrane process for water treatment is fouling. Fouling will increase the chemical cleaning frequency, therefore, not only decrease productivity, but also shorten membrane lifespan and increase cost.
In this research, the fouling phenomena of microfiltration（MF） membrane were studied. The interactions among colloidal particles, calcium ion, and dissolved organics, such as salicylic acid, humic acid and, alginic acid on MF fouling were focused. This was to simulate the scenario of source water from an eutrophic surface reservoir in south Taiwan, with the co-existance of hardness and algae bloom. The alginic acid is to represent the extracellular organic matter（EOM）from algal. The salicylic acid and humic acid are to simulate low and high MW natural organic matter（NOM）, respectively.
The colloidal particles employed were latex particles, with diameter of 0.05, 0.1 and 0.8 μm. The MF membrane used was made from polyvinylidenefluoride（PVDF）, with average diameter of 0.1 μm. First, the effect of single substance on fouling was studied. Next, feed water with dual substances, namely alginic acid with Ca, alginic acid with colloidal particles, and colloidal particles with Ca were explored. And, finally, it was the feed water with the simultaneous existance of the three catagories of substances.
The results show that alginic acid fouled the membrane, mainly at low pH. When Ca was added into the alginic acid solution, fouling was aggravated, probably due to the complexation between Ca and alginic acid, and also the the bridging between alginic acid and MF membrane.
For sole colloidal particle system, latex particle with diameter closed to the pore size（0.1 μm）of MF membrane showed severe fouling. However, adding Ca could alleviate fouling caused by 0.1 μm diameter latex particle. This was dut to the aggregation of 0.1 μm particle by Ca. Alginic acid also have coagulation function on colloidal particles; however, when the amount of alginic acid is in excess compare to that of colloidal particles, the free alginic acid may foul the membrane severely.
If the feed water contained alginic acid, Ca, and colloidal particle simultaneously, the fouling was most severe. In this situation, calcium played an import role, as it would promote the adsorption of alginic acid on colloidal particles, and also the deposition of particles on membrane surface.
In conclusion, EOM have a significant effect on MF membrane fouling, especially when Ca and colloidal particles also exit at the same time. For preventing fouling, EOM, Ca, and colloidal particles should be removed to certain extecd before the water is fed into the membrane.

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