摘要
本研究利用中央地質調查所2002到2006年間全臺灣27條東西向水準測線精密水準測量資料(3364筆)，單測段測量精度87％小於1.5 mm√K（K為測段的公里數），建立一完整從檢驗觀測資料到系統誤差分析流程。由研究結果顯示，在外業觀測資料品質檢驗中，檢驗出2002年有五條水準測線觀測資料，其觀測流程與後幾年規範不相同，造成標尺沉陷誤差的系統性累積，修正後其誤差改正量為-4.51 ~ 5.05 mm。通過品質檢驗的資料，進行系統誤差分析，因有效縮短觀測時視距長度、控制前後視視距差等嚴密外業程序，所以測段誤差改正量都在±2mm以內，其中以折射誤差及水準尺溫度誤差的高程改正量-1.629 ~ 1.519 mm為最大，而鐵墊滑動誤差對閉合差影響最顯著。閉合差在誤差改正前平均值7.3×10-1mm，改正後平均值降為1.41×10-3 mm。表示系統誤差已獲得合理的修正並將其影響降至最低，透過品質檢驗及誤差分析流程可有效提高水準資料的精度。
在高程變化量結果中，誤差改正前、後垂直位移量差異平均值0.72mm，最大值為4.5mm。由統計結果可發現系統誤差改正量與坡度之相關性質很高，若不做其誤差改正，累積50年後其差異最大甚至可達221.5mm，所以在山區誤差改正顯得特別重要。從迴歸誤差改正參數結果中，得到折射誤差改正參數在平原區為-3.31×10-5 mm/m3℃；丘陵、山區為-4.70×10-5 mm/m3℃，其他各項改正參數值則相當接近。表示折射誤差改正參數會因平原和丘陵、山區不同而有所差異。

Abstract
We used the precise leveling data of Central Geological Survey from 27 leveling lines in Taiwan between 2002 and 2006 to evaluate the data quality and their accuracy and to construct a procedure for checking the observations and analyzing the systematic errors. The measuring accuracies of about 87% of all single sections are smaller than 1.5 mm √K (K is measures section length, unit for kilometer). Based on our analysis, we found that the error from leveling ruler sinking would accumulate and the correction of this error is between -4.51 and 5.05 mm. In addition, the refraction error and the rod temperature error have significant correction (-1.629-1.519 mm) for systematic errors while estimating the elevation change. The turning point error contributes mainly to the misclosures but not to elevation change. The average misclosure of raw data is 7.3×10-1 mm. After we corrected the raw data according to our procedure, the average misclosure decreases to 1.41×10-3 mm.
In the elevation change result, the difference before and after the corrections is 0.72 mm, the maximum value is 4.5mm. The systematic errors can accumulate easily in the mountainous area. If we don’t correct systematic errors, the elevation variation will reach a maximum value of 221.5 mm after 50 years. In regression analyses, the correction parameters refraction error in the plain area is -3.31×10-5 (mm/m3℃) and the correction parameters refraction error in the mountainous area is -4.70×10-5 mm/m3℃. The correction parameters of refraction error in the plain area are different from those in the mountainous area.

參考文獻
內政部，一等水準測量作業規範。台北，2001。
李彥弘，劉啟清，精密水準測量鐵墊滑動誤差之探討。第七屆測量學術及應用研討會論文集，G201~G211頁，1988。
胡明城、魯福，現代大地測量學上冊。測繪出版社，北京，1993。
曾清?、楊名、劉啟清、余致義、林宏麟，一等一級水準網測量督導查核工作總報告書。國立成功大學，台南，2001。
曾清?、劉啟清，水準測量的折射誤差分析，國科會專題研究報告，NSC77-0410-E006-17，台南，1988。
劉啟清，精密水準測量之系統誤差。第五屆測量學術及應用研討會論文集，國立成功大學，F1~F25頁，1986。
蘇哲民，TWVD2001一等水準觀測資料之系統誤差分析。國立成功大學碩士論文，台南，2003。
Bowie, William, and H. G. Avers, Fourth general adjustment of the precise level net in the United States and the resulting standard elevations, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Special Publication 18, p. 328 , 1914.
Castle, R.O., J.P. Church, and M.R. Elliott, Aseismic uplift in southern California, Science, 192, p. 251-253, 1976.
Castle, R.O., T.D. Gilmore, J.P. Walker and S.A. Castle, Height changes along selected line through the Death Valley region, California and Nevada, 1905-1984, U. S. Geological Survey Report 2005-1133, 2005
Demoulin A., and A. Collignon, Nature of the recent vertical ground movements inferred from high-precision leveling data in an intraplate setting: NE Ardenne, Belgium, J. Geophys. Res., 105, p. 693-705, 2000.

Federal Geodetic Control Committee, Specifications to support classification, standards of accuracy and general specifications of geodetic control surveys, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, p. 46, 1980.
Gannett, S. S., and D. H. Baldwin, Spirit leveling in California, 1896 to 1909, inclusive, U. S. Geological Survey Bulletin, 342, p. 172, 1908.
Hayford, J. F., Precise leveling in the United States 1900-1903 with a readjustment of the level net and resulting elevations, U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Report for 1903, app. 3, p. 195-809, 1904.
Hodgkinson, K. M., R. S. Stein, and G. Marshall, Geometry of the 1954 Fairview Peak-Dixie Valley earthquake sequence from a joint inversion of leveling and triangulation data, J. Geophys. Res., 101, p. 25437-25457, 1996.
Jackson, D.D., and W.B. Lee, The Palmdale bulge - an alternate interpretation, EOS, Trans. AGU, 60, p.810, 1979.
Jackson, D.D., W.B. Lee, and C.C. Liu, Height dependent errors in southern California leveling, in D. W. Simpson and P. G. Richards (Eds.), Earthquake Prediction - An International Review, p. 457-472, 1981.
Kostoglodov V., R. W. Valenzuela, A. Gorbatov, J. Mimiaga, S. I. Franco, J. A. Alvarado, and R. Pelaez, Deformation in the Guerrero seismic gap, Mexico, from leveling observations, Journal of Geodesy, 75, p. 19-32, 2001.
Kukkamaki, T.J., Error Affecting Leveling: NAD symposium, Ottawa, CIS, p. 1-10, 1980.

Lin, J., and R. S. Stein, Coseismic folding, earthquake recurrence, and the 1987 source mechanism at Whittier Narrows, Los Angeles Basin, California, J. Geophys. Res., 94, p. 9614-9632, 1989.
Liu, C.C. and D.D. Jackson, Remarks on the 'Palmdale Uplift' and leveling accuracy, EOS, 1106, 1982.
Rappleye, H.S., Manual of leveling computation and adjustment: Supersedes Coast and Geodetic Survey Special Publication, NOS/NOAA, Rockville, Maryland, 1948.
Schomaker, M.C. and Berry, R.M., Geodetic leveling, NOS/NOAA, Rockville, Maryland, 1981.
Stein, R.S., Discrimination of tectonic displacement from slope-dependent errors in geodetin leveling from southern California, 1953-1979, in D. W. Simpson and P. G. Richards (Eds.), Earthquake Prediction - An International Review, p. 441-456, 1981.
Stein, R.S., C.T. Whalen, S.R. Holdahl, W.E. Strange, and W. Thatcher, Saugus-Palmdale, California, field test for refraction errors in historical leveling surveys, J. Geophys. Res., 91,p. 9031-9044, 1986.