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研究生：	姚姍斈 Yao, Shan-Hsueh
論文名稱：	探討蝴蝶蘭四異戊二烯二磷酸之生合成路徑 Investigation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) biosynthesis pathway in Phalaenopsis orchids
指導教授：	陳虹樺 Chen, Hong-Hwa
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	生物科學與科技學院 - 生命科學系 Department of Life Sciences
論文出版年：	2010
畢業學年度：	98
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	52
中文關鍵詞：	四異戊二烯二磷酸合成酶、蝴蝶蘭、isoprenoid生合成途徑
外文關鍵詞：	GGDPS, Phalaenopsis orchids, isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway
相關次數：	點閱：118 下載：3
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四異戊二烯二磷酸 (GGDP) 是植物體內合成胡蘿蔔素、吉貝素、葉綠素、雙萜類、isoprenoid quinones 以及四異戊二烯二磷酸化蛋白質的重要前驅物。GGDP的生合成是經由一個關鍵酵素，四異戊二烯二磷酸合成酶(GGDPS)，將三個五碳單元的IDP和一個五碳單元的DMADP聚合而成二十碳單元的GGDP。本研究自大葉蝴蝶蘭及姬蝴蝶蘭中找到與其它植物的GGDPS/FDPS/GDPS有高度序列相似度的基因，依序命名為PeGGDPS、PbFDPS、PbGDPS-bl 1和PbGDPS-bl 2。
序列分析結果顯示這些基因都具有保留的Asp-rich motif。此外，PeGGDPS，PbGDPS-bl 1和PbGDPS-bl 2皆有可轉運到不同胞器的訊號胜肽。進一步，功能性互補實驗證實PeGGDPS在生物體內確實具有合成二十個碳之GGDPS酵素活性，而利用TLC鑑別出PbFDPS以及PbGDPS-bl 1之產物則顯示FDP為這兩個蛋白質的主要產物。空間分布上，GGDPS主要表現在大葉蝴蝶蘭之根、花序軸以及花梗上，FDPS則是廣泛地分布於整個植株的營養組織及生殖組織，然而GDPS-bl 1以及GDPS-bl 2則具有花部專一性的表現。親緣演化分析結果指出PeGGDPS屬於GDPS-a群，而PbGDPS-bl 1以及PbGDPS-bl 2則位於GDPS-b群。不同於其他植物僅具一或兩群GDPS，蝴蝶蘭是目前已知同時具有三群不同GDPS的物種，其中包括GDPS-a、GDPS-b和GDPS-c/d群。鑑定這些基因的身分以及功能，有助於我們更進一步了解它們在蘭花的isoprenoid生合成途徑上扮演的角色。

Geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGDP) is an essential precursor for carotenoids, gibberellins, chlorophylls, isoprenoid quinones, diterpenoids and geranylgeranylated proteins in plants. The biosynthesis of GGDP is carried out by GGDP synthase (GGDPS), catalyzing the consecutive condensation of three molecules of isopentenyl diphosphate (IDP, C5) with one dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP, C5) to give a C20 skeleton. Here we cloned a gene with high sequence similarity to plant GGDPSs, together with one FDPS and two GDPS-like genes from either Phalaenopsis orchid P. bellina or P. equestris, named as PeGGDPS, PbFDPS, PbGDPS-bl 1 and PbGDPS-bl 2, respectively.
Amino acid sequences of all four prenyltransferases exhibited the conserved Asp-rich motifs. In addition, PeGGDPS, and PbGDPS-bl 1/2 harbored a putative signal peptide for the translocation into plastid and mitochondria, respectively. Functional complementation assay indicated PeGGDPS acting as an active GGDPS in vivo, while both PbFDPS and PbGDPS-bl 1 produced FDP as the main product in the TLC characterization of their catalyzed products in vitro. Spatial expression pattern of the GGDPS showed that it mainly expressed in root, stalk and pedicle, and FDPS transcript could express in both vegetative and reproductive organs in P. bellina. In contrast, expressions of both PbGDPS-bl 1/2 were floral specific. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PeGGDPS and both PbGDPS-bl 1/2 were located at GDPS-a and GDPS-b clades, respectively. Unlike most plants that have one or two out of four clades of GDPS, Phalaenopsis orchids possess three different clades of GDPS including GDPS-a, GDPS-b and GDPS-c/d. Identification and characterization of these genes provid further evidence for understanding of their roles in isoprenoid biosynthesis pathways in orchids.

中文摘要		I
Abstract		II
誌謝 III
List of Tables VI
List of Figures VII
List of Appendix Tables VIII
List of Appendix Figures IX
1. Introduction	1
1.1 Isoprenoids	1
1. 1.1 Significance of isoprenoids in higher plants	1
1.1.2 Chain-length elongation of isoprenoids by short-chain prenyltransferase	1
1.1.3 Two conserved DD(X)2-4D motifs present in short-chain prenyltransferase	1
1.1.4 Subcellular localization of short-chain prenyltransferases	1
1.2 GGDP	2
1.2.1 Biological roles of GGDP	2
1.2.2 Distributions of GGDPS in nature	2
1.3 Studies of prenyltransferase in Phalaenopsis bellina	3
1.3.1 PbGDPS_LSU with high sequence similarity to GGDPS was isolated from    P. bellina	3
1.3.2 GDPS-b clade proteins	3
2. Purpose	5
3. Materials and methods	6
3.1 Plant materials	6
3.2 Molecular cloning of potential GDPS, FDPS and GGDPS from Phalaenopsis orchids	6
3.3 Sequence analysis	6
3.4 Phylogenetic analysis	6
3.5 Functional complementation of GGDPS	7
3.6 Isolation of total RNA	8
3.7 Expression and purification of His-tagged PbFDPS and PbGDPS-bl 1recombinant proteins	8
3.8 Functional characterization of PbFDPS and PbGDPS-bl 1	8
3.9 Measurement of the kinetic properties of PbFDPS	9
3.10 Molecular modeling of isolated orchid prenyltransferase proteins	9
4. Results	10
4.1 Isolation and sequence analysis of GGDPS, FDPS and GDPS genes from Phalaenopsis orchids	10
4.2 Phylogenetic relationship of Phalaenopsis orchid prenyltransferases	11
4.3 Functional complementation assay of GGDPS	12
4.4 Functional characterization of PbFDPS and PbGDPS-bl 1	12
4.5 Expression patterns of PbGGDPS, PbFDPS, PbGDPS-bl 1 and PbGDPS-bl 2	14
4.6 Homology modeling structures of Phalaenopsis orchid prenyltransferases	14
5.Discussion 15
5.1 Isoprenoid metabolism in Phalaenopsis orchids	15
5.2 Functional differentiation between PeGGDPS and PbGDPS_LSU	16
5.3 PbFDPS did not generate GGDP in nature	17
5.4 Functional redundant PbFDPS and PbGDPS-bl 1 localized in different subcellular compartments	17
6. Conclusion	19
7. Perspectives	20
8. References	21

List of Tables
Table 1 Apparent Km and Kcat values for recombinant PbFDPS	28
Table 2. Templates used for constructing 3D structure of orchid prenyltransferases.	29
Table 3. All the primers used in this study	30

List of Figures
Fig 1. Multiple alignments of PeGGDPS	31
Fig. 2. Multiple alignments of PbFDPS	32
Fig. 3. Multiple alignments of PbGDPS-bl 1 and PbGDPS-bl 2	33
Fig. 4. Phylogenetic tree of plant prenyltransferases	34
Fig. 5. in vivo complementation analysis of GGDPS activity	35
Fig. 6. Protein isolation and enzyme activity of recombinant PbFDPS	36
Fig. 7. TLC characterization of PbFDPS products.	37
Fig. 8. Protein isolation and enzyme activity of recombinant PbGDPS-bl 1	38
Fig. 9. TLC characterization of PbGDPS-bl 1 products	39
Fig. 10. Expression patterns of PbGGDPS, PbGDPS-bl 1, PbGDPS-bl 2 and PbFDPS 40
Fig. 11. Molecular models of Phalaenopsis orchid prenyltransferases	42
Fig. 12. Overview of isoprenoid biosynthesis pathways and their subcellular localizations	44
Fig. 13. Multiple alignments of PeGGDPS and GGDPSs/GDPS_LSUs from plants	45
Fig. 14. The loop structures of PbGDPS_LSU, PeGGDPS and mustard GGDPS	46
  
List of Appendix Tables
Appendix Table 1. Functionally characterized plant GDPS proteins.	47
Appendix Table 2. Functionally characterized plant FDPS proteins.	48
Appendix Table 3. Functionally characterized plant GGDPS proteins	49
 
List of Appendix Figures
Appendix Fig. 1. pACCAR25△crtE plasmid	50
Appendix Fig. 2. Overview of a plant cell.	51
Appendix Fig. 3. Expression patterns of five Arabidopsis GGDPS	52
                                    

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