中文摘要
本文研究台南濱海地區七股及四草的節肢動物群聚，以及在不同類型棲地的生活史策略群與攝食功能群組成結構。野外調查自2010年11月起，至2012年2月止。選取2011年夏季 (6、7及8月)及2011/12年冬季(12、1及2月)，共兩季的採集資料進行分析。定量採集研究中，共捕獲8,061隻個體，分屬6綱26目187科455個型態種。就物種多樣性而言，以昆蟲綱雙翅目39科最多，鞘翅目37科次之，半翅目26科及膜翅目26科再次之。棲地類型依照節肢動物群聚組成可分為紅樹林、防風林及灌叢草生地等3大類型。採集之物種依生活史策略群可分為：生殖、擴散、同時性及發育權衡等4類；另依攝食功能群可分為：碎屑食性、腐食性、植食性及肉食性等4群；其中生活史策略群又能再細分為13個類型。紅樹林棲地無論是多樣性或是個體豐度都是生殖型策略群居冠；防風林多樣性以擴散型策略群最高，個體豐度以生殖型策略群最多，但易受擾動的環境則以擴散型數量最多；灌叢草生地多樣性以擴散型策略群最高，個體豐度以生殖型策略群最多。這4種生活史策略群個體豐度與日照度皆為正相關，擴散型策略群豐度在夏季時會受到濕度影響，同時性策略群豐度明顯受到雨量影響。所有棲地的攝食功能群物種數組成比例相似；個體數量上，紅樹林的碎屑食性佔了75%；防風林相對於其他棲地，肉食性較多；灌叢草生地碎屑食性的數量在植被高度較高處則較多。

SUMMARY
The objectives of this study were to research (1) the arthropods community of the coastal Chiku area and the Shicao area in Tainan (2) the composition of different life-history strategies and (3) the composition of the functional feeding groups. The specimens of arthropods were collected on a monthly basis from November 2010 to February 2012. The analysis mainly addressed six months data (June, July, August, December 2011, January, and February 2012). In total, 8,061 individuals were collected in this quantitative research. According to different arthropod compositions, the habitats are divided into three types: mangroves, windbreak forest and shrub-grassland. The collections were classified into four major life-history strategies (Reproduction, Development, Dispersal and Synchronization ) and four levels of functional groups (Detrivore, Saprovore, Herbivore and Carnivore). Dispersal strategy is the most diverse type of all strategies in coastal habitat in Tainan. Reproduction strategy is the most abundant type of all strategies in coastal habitat in Tainan. The abundance of these four strategies is positively correlated with the degree of sunshine. In the summer, the abundance of Dispersal strategies is affected by the humidity while the rainfall significantly affects the abundance of Synchronization strategy. The compositional ratio of the number of functional groups is similar to those of all habitats. The number of Detrivorous is richer when vegetation is higher.

Key words: Arthropods、Community、Functional feeding groups 、Life history strategies

INTRODUCTION
Chiku area and Shicao area are a part of Taijiang Inland Sea. In the floods brought by the storm 1823 Zengwen River changed its course and the large amount of sediment washed down from upstream deposited. The Taijiang Inland Sea split the sea into three lagoons: Kunshen, Shicao and Chiku lagoons. It was gradually developed into salt-pans, fishing ponds and villages due to the siltation of the inland sea (Ueng et al. 2011). Tens of thousands of migratory birds would fly southward via or stay this area every fall and winter in the Taijiang Inland Sea . The early studies on Arthropods were mainly on the water birds. The estimation of diets of the birds was common in these studies. Functional feeding groups analysis is the major method for arthropods community research in Taiwan (Yang, 2012). The concept of pyramid energy is based on this method. However, it cannot be used for further research such as how to measure the energy outputs. Therefore, the life-history strategy is a novel way to make a complete investigation of species. Strategies of adapting to the environment can be classified by different combinations of life-history traits (Verberk et al., 2008；Van Noordwijk et al., 2010).

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sampling areas of the study included one mangrove, two windbreaks, three grasslands and one shrub. There are eight areas located in Chiku and Shicao, respectively. The specimens of arthropods were collected by Pit-fall trap、Malaise trap and Berlese funnel on a monthly basis from November 2010 to February 2012. The analysis mainly addressed six months data (June, July, August, December 2011, January, and February 2012). We also collect Environmental factors which include temperature, humidity, wind velocity, degree of sunshine and rainfall by field sensor. Canopy height and density were measured by net rod and photo. The collections were divided into four major life-history strategies (Reproduction, Development, Dispersal and Synchronization ) and four levels of functional groups (Detrivore, Saprovore, Herbivore and Carnivore)in the study. Analysis of the data, which include Biodiversity, Dominance index, Similarity Index and Principal component analysis of environmental factors use Primer 6.0 to summarize collections of each habitat. . Linear regression of major environmental factors and species abundance were drawn by Minitab 16.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
From our investigation, Hymenoptera was the dominant order of Coastal arthropod community. A total of 8,061 individuals were collected in this quantitative research. Hemiptera and Diptera were secondary dominant order of Coastal arthropod community (Tab. 3). According to different arthropod compositions, the habitats are divided into three types: mangroves, windbreak forest and shrub-grassland (Fig. 27). The collections were classified into four major life-history strategies (Reproduction, Development, Dispersal and Synchronization ) and 13 sub-strategies by re-devised combination of life-history traits (Tab. 6). Life-history traits of each family were referred for this method (App. 1). Dispersal strategy is the most diverse type of all strategies in coastal habitat in Tainan. Reproduction strategy is the most abundant type of all strategies in coastal habitat in Tainan (Fig. 13). The abundance of these four strategies is positively correlated with the degree of sunshine (Fig. 30~33). Dispersal strategy and synchronization strategy obviously differ from period of the year. In the summer, the abundance of Dispersal strategies is affected by the humidity (Fig. 34) while the rainfall significantly affects the abundance of Synchronization strategy (Fig. 35). The compositional ratio of the diversity of functional groups is similar to those of all habitats (Fig. 23), but the number of functional groups is not (Fig. 24). The number of Detrivorous is richer when vegetation is higher or within quickly regeneration. Island habitat or higher wind velocity may isolate the predation of Carnivore.

CONCLUSION
The richness of all types of species is affected positively by sunshine and temperature. Species of dispersal strategy is apparently affected by humidity, especially in the summer. Therefore, (1) the sunshine and humidity monitoring are the most important to the management of Tainan coastal habitats. (2) habitat preservation, artificial pure forests and large area weeding appropriately control the vegetation height, and will be able to contribute to the diversity and stability of arthropod species. (3) the analysis method of Life-history strategies provides a lot of specific mechanisms and explain how species adapt to their environment. If the biological research can be addressed more, this method would be developed more sophistically.

丁珌(2009)。漳江口紅樹林昆蟲群落結構的研究。福建林業科技。36(3):15-19。
方林(1983)。紅鈴蟲金小蜂(Dibrachys cavus (Walker))在自然條件下越夏新途徑的研究。安徽農業科學。2:63-67。
王心浩(2008)。台中縣高美野生動物保護區鹽地鼠尾粟-雲林莞草植群昆蟲群聚之探討。國立中興大學碩士論文。58頁。
王世斌(2012)。軟骨魚類的生活史特徵。科學發展。477:22-27。
王重雄、蔡恕仁(1995)。榕樹透翅毒蛾 Perina nuda (Fabricius)之生活史及蛹之病毒產量。中華昆蟲。15:59-68。
卡雷納、賴博永(2005)。非洲菊斑潛蠅寄生蜂(Ganaspidium utilis) (膜翅目:隆盾癭蜂科)之生活史。台灣昆蟲期刊。25(2):87-94。
石念祖(2009)。運用魚類生活史特徵提出台灣沿近海漁業資源管理的方案。國立海洋大學博士論文。116頁。
朱耀沂、烏曉天(1992)。甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua Hubner)成蟲之羽化、交尾與產卵能力。中華昆蟲。12:91-99。
何坤耀(1988)。嘉義地區楊桃花姬捲葉蛾之生活史與生態。中華昆蟲 8:23-31。
李後晶(1992)。外寄生蜂Goniozus legneri Gordh (膜翅目:蟻形蜂科)的產卵機制。中華昆蟲。12:193-199。
李敏、吕耀星、王雪松、陈新、张雪、任炳忠(2012)。東北地區亞洲飛蝗的生物學特性。吉林農業大學學報。34(1): 37-41.
卓逸民、曾伶、莊智元、鄭任鈞(2005)。陽明山國家公園不同類型棲地蜘蛛多樣性之比較。國家公園學報。15:1-20。
林仲平(2009)。角蟬與螞蟻的共演化。科學月刊。40(9):694-701。
林廷翰(2011)。曾文溪口不同植被類型對昆蟲群聚的影響。國立台南大學碩士論文。104頁。
林秀貞、陶家駒(1974)。臺灣好勞黃小蜂(Aphytis holoxanthus)防治柑橘褐圓介殼蟲(Chrysomphalus ficus)觀察。農業研究。23(2):136-142。
林秋伶、蕭文鳳(2005)。Y紋龜金花蟲 (Aspidomorph indica Boheman) （鞘翅目:金花蟲科）生活史初探。台灣昆蟲。25: 113-118。
林寶琛、黃梅頌(1957)。茶實象鼻蟲生活史調查報告。農業研究。7(3): 26-36。
林欉、李錦霞(1983)。小紅鰹節蟲生態觀察。中華農業研究。32(4): 383-389。
吳子淦(2007)。草蛉。載於植物保護圖鑑系列9－柑橘保護(羅幹成主編)，103-105頁。台北。動物防疫檢疫局。
侯守鵬(2011)。轉Bt基因水稻對褐飛蝨卵及其寄生蜂—稻蝨纓小蜂的影響。浙江大學碩士論文。100頁。
柯明喬(2009)。桶后溪上游攔砂壩上下游間水棲昆蟲功能攝食群群聚結構連續變化。國立師範大學碩士論文。75頁。
范滋德、甘運興、陳之梓、曹明、林愛蓮(1993)。銅色長角沼蠅的習性和生活史的初步觀察(雙翅目：沼蠅科)。華東昆蟲學報。1:29-35。
徐堉峰、孫旻璇、呂至堅、陳建仁、林佳宏、王俊凱(2007)。太魯閣國家公園昆蟲群聚與功能之研究。國家公園學報。17:33-51。
烏曉天、朱耀沂(1992)。天然及人工飼料飼育甜菜夜蛾(Spodoptera exigua Hubner)之發育比較。中華昆蟲。12:109-120。
翁義聰、楊英欽、陳坤能(2011)。國家重要濕地彙編(中文版)。台北。內政部營建署城鄉發展分署。192頁。
張淑貞、石憲宗、路光暉(2012)。嗜菊短頭脊沫蟬(Poophilus costalis (Walker, 1851)) (半翅目:沫蟬總科：尖胸沫蟬科)之形態，取食及發育。台灣農業研究。61(4): 343-354。
許迪川(2006)。利用雙色出尾蟲防治蘇鐵白輪盾介殼蟲之研究。國立屏東科技大學碩士論文。83頁。
許鈺鸚(2008)。台灣山區溪流魚類生活史策略與保育遺傳研究─溪哥(鱲屬)魚類(Zacco spp.)的擾流適應行為(IV)。行政院農業委員會委託研究報告。
郭仕強(2001)。台灣東部水璉海岸林生態系節肢動物群聚之探討。國立中興大學昆蟲學系碩士論文。84頁。
郭美華、丘明智、謝易霖(2004)。以水棲昆蟲監測雪霸國家公園武陵地區溪流水質。台灣昆蟲。24:339-352。
郭寶錚(2005)。中草藥栽培及儲存之病蟲害調查與防治。中醫藥年報。23(7):219-256。
陳仁昭、趙治平(2008)。螟蛾類。載於植物保護圖鑑系列18－香蕉保護(趙治平主編)，36-40頁。台北。動物防疫檢疫局。
陳文華、何琦琛(1993)。黃角小黑隱翅蟲(Oligota flavicornis (Boisduval & Lacordaire))之生活史、捕食量及其在茄園之季節消長。中華昆蟲。13:1-8。
陳俊吉(2007)。蝴蝶蘭鱗長跳蟲(Lepidocyrtus near cyaneus Tullberg) (彈尾目：長角跳蟲科)之形態、生活史及其防治研究。國立屏東科技大學碩士論文。76頁。
陳開盛(2007)。苗栗縣灣瓦海岸地區之動物群聚調查及環境教育規畫。國立中興大學碩士論文。66頁。
陶家駒、羅幹成、許洞慶(1968)。捕食蚜蟲之食蚜虻及食蚜蠅。中華農業研究。17(3):26-38。
傅詠豪(2012)。新店溪流域溪流水棲昆蟲功能攝食群之研究。國立台灣大學碩士論文。82頁。
費雯綺、王喻其(2007)。植物保護手冊-糧食作物及其他篇。台中。農業藥物毒物試驗所。412頁。
湯慶銓(1976)。綠蘆筍黑腹薊馬之生態研究。中華農業研究。25(4):299-309。
黃秀雯(2005)。七股野生動物重要棲息地之林地昆蟲相與茄二十八星瓢蟲生命表。國立中興大學碩士論文。45頁。
黃致玠(2009)。台灣沙灘蟋蟀(直翅目：地蟋蟀科)基礎生物學研究。國立中興大學碩士論文。63頁。
楊正澤(2012)。人工濕地生態系統功能與經濟效益評估-人工濕地濱水帶昆蟲群聚與生態功能。行政院國家科學委員會委託研究計畫報告。
楊正澤、陳明義、江英煜(2001)。關刀溪森林生態系著生植物基質中無脊椎動物群聚之生物多樣性。台灣昆蟲。21(2):99-117。
楊正澤、葉文斌(2007)。濱水帶昆蟲群聚。科學發展。417:19-22
葉大詮(2005)。大頭金蠅與紅顏金蠅 (雙翅目：麗蠅科) 幼蟲競爭及其在法醫昆蟲學上之應用。國立台灣大學碩士論文。72頁。
葉大詮、林春富(2011)。無尾目兩棲類在黃緣步行蟲食性與生活史中的重要性。台灣生物多樣性研究。13(3): 237-244。
葉金彰、穆傳蓁(1994)。實驗室中觀察蜚蠊瘦蜂(Evania appendigaster (L.)) 之生活史。中華昆蟲。14:369-378。
熊平、郭萍、曾橋(2002)。麗蠅生長發育與死亡時間的相關研究。法醫學雜誌。18(2):71-73。
劉永生、胡波、張清良、甚繼群(1999)。八點廣翅蠟蟬生物學特性與防治初報。湖北林業科技。2:29~30。
劉玉章、黃毓斌(1991)。不同光週期下棉蚜之生命表。中華昆蟲。11:106-116。
劉藍玉、楊正澤(2007)。常見木材檢疫鞘翅目昆蟲植物保護學會會刊。49:337-346。
蔡雲鵬、黃明道、蔡瑞美、蔣時賢(1990)。香蕉弄蝶之生態與生物防治。中華昆蟲。10:419-426。
蔣國芳、顏增光、岑明(2000)。英羅港紅樹林昆蟲群落及其多樣性的研究。應用生態學報。11(1):95-98。
鄭宇庭(2012)。台灣產扁跳蝦屬(端足目：跳蝦科)之新種發表及其關渡地區族群微棲地偏好與族群動群研究。台灣大學碩士論文。72頁。
鄭清煥(2007a)。小稻蝗。載於植物保護圖鑑系列8－水稻保護(林慶元主編)，122-124頁。台北。動物防疫檢疫局。
鄭清煥(2007b)。白翅葉蟬。載於植物保護圖鑑系列8－水稻保護 (林慶元主編)，106-108頁。台北。動物防疫檢疫局。
鄭清煥(2007c)。東方螻蛄。載於植物保護圖鑑系列8－水稻保護(林慶元主編)，54-55頁。台北。動物防疫檢疫局。
鄭清煥(2007d)。斑飛蝨。載於植物保護圖鑑系列8－水稻保護(林慶元主編)，89-94頁。台北。動物防疫檢疫局。
盧建彤、賀孝雍(2007)。厲椿與雙峰疣椿象(半翅目:椿科)之生活史。台灣昆蟲期刊。27(2):267-275。
錢景秦(2003a)。紅腹跳小蜂。載於植物保護圖鑑系列9－柑橘保護(羅幹成主編)，112-116頁。台北。動物防疫檢疫局。

錢景秦(2003b)。柑橘木蝨。載於植物保護圖鑑系列9－柑橘保護(羅幹成主編)，46-56頁。台北。動物防疫檢疫局。
錢景秦、古琇芷(2001)。異角釉小蜂(Hemiptarsenus varicornis)(膜翅目:釉小蜂科)之外形與生活史。台灣昆蟲。21:247-255。
錢景秦、張淑貞(2012)。薹潛蠅繭蜂(Opius caricivorae) (膜翅目:小繭蜂科)之形態與生活史。台灣農業研究。61(2):144-157。
閻家河、王紹林、丁世民、夏明輝、柏魯林、王宏琦(2010)。寬額螯蜂的幼期形態及生物學特性研究。昆蟲知識。47(1):156-164。
閻家河、夏明輝、王宏琦(2005)。惡性席瓢蠟蟬的生物學特性。昆蟲知識。42(6):708-711。
顏聖紘、詹家龍(1995)。插天山綠小灰蝶(鱗翅目:小灰蝶科)之生活史。中華昆蟲。15:161-169。
羅幹成(2003)。好勞黃小蜂。載於植物保護圖鑑系列9－柑橘保護(羅幹成主編)，97-99頁。台北。動物防疫檢疫局。
蘇新基、楊平世(1992)。大負子蟲(Sphaerodema rustica Fabricius)之形態及生活史。中華昆蟲。12:49-61。
Aina, J. O. (1975). The life history of Riptortus dentipes F. (Alydidae, Heteroptera) A pest of growing cowpea pods. Journal of Natural History, 9(5), 589-596.
Allen E. J., & Foote, B. A. (1967). Biology and immature stages of three species of Otitidae (Diptera) which have saprophagous larvae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 60, 826-836.
Allen, G. R. (1995). The biology of the phonotactic parasitoid, Homotrixa sp. (Diptera: Tachinidae), and its impact on the survival of male Sciarasaga quadrata (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae) in the field. Ecological Entomology, 20(2), 103-110.
Anderson, N. H. (1962). Anthocoridae of the Pacific Northwest with notes on distributions, life histories, and habits (Heteroptera). The Canadian Entomologist, 94(12), 1325-1334.
Bailey, D. L., Whitfield, T. L., & LaBrecque, G. C. (1975). Laboratory biology and techniques for mass producing the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.)(Diptera: Muscidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 12(2), 189-193.
Baker, J. E., Nelson, D. R., & Fatland, C. L. (1979). Developmental changes in cuticular lipids of the black carpet beetle, Attagenus megatoma. Insect Biochemistry, 9(3), 335-339.
Barnes, J. K., Higgins, L. E., & Sabrosky, C. W. (1992). Life histories of Pseudogaurax species (Diptera: Chloropidae), descriptions of two new species, and ecology of Nephila clavipes (Linnaeus) (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) egg predation. Journal of natural history, 26(4), 823-834.
Blau, W. S. (1981). Latitudinal variation in the life histories of insects occupying disturbed habitats: a case study. In Insect Life History Patterns (Ed. R. F. Denno), pp. 75-95. Springer New York.
Block, W., & Convey, P. (1995). The biology, life cycle and ecophysiology of the Antarctic mite Alaskozetes antarcticus. Journal of Zoology, 236(3), 431-449.
Bocak, L., Bocakova, M., Hunt, T., & Vogler, A. P. (2008). Multiple ancient origins of neoteny in Lycidae (Coleoptera): consequences for ecology and macroevolution. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 275(1646), 2015-2023.
Bocchino, F. J., & Sullivan SJ, D. J. (1981). Effects of venoms from two aphid hyperparasitoids, Asaphes lucens and Dendrocerus carpenteri (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae and Megaspilidae), on larvae of Aphidius smithi (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 113(10), 887-889.
Boving, A. G., & Henriksen, K. L. (1938). The developmental stages of the Danish Hydrophilidae (Ins., Coleoptera). Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening i Kobenhavn, 102, 27-162.
Bressan, A. L. B. E. R. T. O., Holzinger, W. E., Nusillard, B., Semetey, O., Gatineau, F. R. É. D. É. R. I. C., Simonato, M. A. U. R. O., & Boudon-Padieu, E. (2009). Identification and biological traits of a planthopper from the genus Pentastiridius (Hemiptera: Cixiidae) adapted to an annual cropping rotation. Eur. J. Entomol, 106(3), 405-413.
Britton, E. B. (1971). A new intertidal beetle (Coleoptera: Limnichidae) from the Great Barrier Reef. Journal of Entomology, 40, 83-91.
Brothers, D. J. (1978). Biology and immature stages of Myrmosula parvula (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 51(4), 698-710.
Butler, G. D., & Wardecker, A. L. (1973). Collops vittatus (Coleoptera: Malachiidae): Development at Constant Temperatures. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 66(5), 1168-1170.
Byrd, J. H., & Butler, J. F. (1998). Effects of temperature on Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis (Diptera: Sarcophagidae) development. Journal of medical entomology, 35(5), 694-698.
Cameron, G. N. (1972). Analysis of insect trophic diversity in two salt marsh communities. Ecology, 53(1), 58-73.
Carlton, C. E., & Leschen, R. A. (2008). Description of the larva of Pselaphophus atriventris (Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae: Pselaphini) with notes on its life history and a list of described pselaphine immature stages. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 101(1), 13-19.
Carroll, W. J. (1956). History of the hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guen.), (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in Newfoundland, and notes on its biology. The Canadian Entomologist, 88(10), 587-599.
Cervantes, L. P., & Pacheco R, I. (2003). Biology and description of a new species of Cholula (Heteroptera: Rhyparochromidae: Myodochini) associated with a fig in México. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 111(1), 41-47.
Clements, D. K., & Alexander, K. N. A. (1987). The distribution of the fly Xylophagus ater Meigen (Diptera: Xylophagidae) in the British Isles, with some notes on its biology. Proceedings and transactions of the British entomological and natural history society, 20, 141-6.
Cochran, D. G.(2005). Blattodea (Cockroaches).In Borror and DeLong's Introduction to the Study of Insects (Ed. C. A. Triplehorn & N. F. Johnson). pp. 108-112. Belmont: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
Cock M. J.W., & Burris, D. H. (2013). Neotropical palm-inflorescence feeding moths (Lepidoptera: Batrachedridae, Blastobasidae, Cosmopterigidae, Gelechiidae, Pyralidae, Tineidae): a review of the literature and new records from Trinidad, West Indies. The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera. 46, 1-21.
Coll, M., & Ruberson, J. R. (1998). Predatory Heteroptera: Their ecology and use in biological control. pp. 233. Entomological Society of America.
Collins, P. J., Mulder, J. C., & Wilson, D. (1989). Variation in life history parameters of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L).(Coleoptera: Silvanidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 25(4), 193-199.
Cordo, H. A., Sosa, A. J., & Hernandez, M. C. (1999). The petiole mining fly Thrypticus sp.(Diptera: Dolichopodidae), a new agent for the biological control of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). In Proceedings of the 10th International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds (Ed. N. R. Spencer), pp. 315-323. Montana State University.
Couri, M. S., Tavares, M. T., & Stenzel, R. R. (2006). Parasitoidism of Chalcidid wasps (Hymenoptera, Chalcididae) on Philornis sp.(Diptera, Muscidae). Brazilian Journal of Biology, 66(2A), 553-557.
Coville, R. E., & Coville, P. L. (1980). Nesting biology and male behavior of Trypoxylon (Trypargilum) tenoctitlan in Costa Rica (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 73(1), 110-119.
Cummins, K. W. (1973). Trophic relations of aquatic insects. Annual review of entomology, 18(1), 183-206.
Dallai, R., Zizzari, Z. V., & Fanciulli, P. P. (2009). Different sperm number in the spermatophores of Orchesella villosa (Geoffroy) (Entomobryidae) and Allacma fusca (L.) (Sminthuridae). Arthropod structure & development, 38(3), 227-234.
Dautel, H., & Knülle, W. (1997). Life cycle and seaonal development of post-embryonic Argas reflexus (Acari: Argasidae) at two thermally different locations in Central Europe. Experimental & applied acarology, 21(10-11), 697-712.
De La Vega, X., Grez, A. A., & Simonetti, J. A. (2012). Is top‐down control by predators driving insect abundance and herbivory rates in fragmented forests?. Austral Ecology, 37(7), 836-844.
Dias, N., & Sprung, M. (2003). Population Dynamics and Production of the Amphipod Orchestia gammarellus (Talitridae) in a Ria Formosa Saltmarsh (Southern Portugal). Crustaceana, 76(9), 1123-1141.
Din, N., Priso, R. J., Kenne, M., Ngollo, D. E., & Blasco, F. (2002). Early growth stages and natural regeneration of Avicennia germinans (L.) Stearn in the Wouri estuarine mangroves (Douala-Cameroon). Wetlands Ecology and management, 10(6), 461-472.
Dobson, T. (1974). Studies on the biology of the kelp-fly Coelopa in Great Britain. Journal of Natural History, 8(2), 155-177.
Downes, J. A. (1953). Notes on the life-cycle of Xylophagus ater Mg. (Dipt., Rhagionidae). Entomologist's mon. Mag, 89, 136-137.
Dudgeon, D. (1995). Life history, secondary production and microdistribution of Hydrocyphon (Coleoptera: Scirtidae) in a tropical forest stream. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 133(3), 261-271.
Durai, P. S. S. (1993). Some observations on the life-history of Megymenum brevicornis (Fabricius) (Pentatomidae: Dinidoridae). Malaysian Agricultural Journal, 54(4), 219-228.
Eason, R., & Whitcomb, W. H. (1965). Life history of the dotted wolf spider, Lycosa punctulata Hentz (Araneida: Lycosidae). In Arkansas Academy of Science Proceedings, 19, 11-20.
Ebejer, M. J., Krupp, F., & Mahnert, V. (1996). Chyromyidae (Diptera: Schizophora) from the Arabian Peninsula with descriptions of new species. Fauna of Saudi Arabia, Vol. 15., 280-299.
Edwards, P. B. (1982). Laboratory observations on the biology and life cycle of the Australian biting midge Culicoides subimmaculatus (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Journal of Medical Entomology, 19(5), 545-552.
Engelmann, H. D. (1978). Zur dominanzklassifizierung von Bodenarthropoden. Pedobiologia, 18(5-6), 378-380.
Erman, O. (2005). Studies on Turkish Hydrophilidae (Coleoptera) I. Genus Enochrus Thomson, 1859. Turk. J. Zool, 29, 155-158.
Evenhuis, N. L. (1989). Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Regions. pp. 1155. Bishop Museum Press.
Filippi, L., Hironaka, M., Nomakuchi, S., & Tojo, S. (2000). Provisioned Parastrachia japonensis (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) nymphs gain access to food and protection from predators. Animal behaviour, 60(6), 757-763.
Fikáček, M., & Trávníček, D. (2009). Order Coleoptera, family Georissidae. Arthropod Fauna of the UAE, 2, 145-148.
Fredeen, F. J. H., & Taylor, M. E. (1964). Borborids (Diptera: Sphaeroceridae) infesting sewage disposal tanks, with notes on the life cycle, behaviour and control of Leptocera (Leptocera) caenosa (Rondani). The Canadian Entomologist, 96(5), 801-808.
Garnett, W. B., & Foote, B. A. (1967). Biology and Inmature Stages of Pseudoleria crassata (Diptera: Heleomyzidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 60(1), 126-134.
Gaston, K. J., & Spicer, J. I. (2001). The relationship between range size and niche breadth: a test using five species of Gammarus (Amphipoda). Global Ecology and Biogeography, 10(2), 179-188.
Gerling, D. (1972). The developmental biology of Telenomus remus Nixon (Hym., Scelionidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 61(03), 385-388.
Gibbs, D. G., & Leston, D. (1970). Insect phenology in a forest cocoa-farm locality in West Africa. Journal of applied Ecology, 7(3), 519-548.
Gonçalves, S. C., Pardal, M. A., Cardoso, P. G., Ferreira, S. M., & Marques, J. C. (2005). Biology, population dynamics and secondary production of Tylos europaeus (Isopoda, Tylidae) on the western coast of Portugal. Marine Biology, 147(3), 631-641.
González, J. M., Basaguren, A., & Pozo, J. (2001). Life history and production of Caenis luctuosa (Burmeister)(Ephemeroptera, Caenidae) in two nearby reaches along a small stream. Hydrobiologia, 452(1-3), 209-215.
Grime, J. P. (1977). Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory. American naturalist, 111(982), 1169-1194.
Haack, R. A., & Benjamin, D. M. (1982). The biology and ecology of the twolined chestnut borer, Agrilus bilineatus (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), on oaks, Quercus spp., in Wisconsin. The Canadian Entomologist, 114(5), 385-396.
Hackman, W. A. L. T. E. R. (1960). Diptera (Brachycera): Camillidae, Curtonotidae and Drosophilidae. S. Afr. Anim. Life, 7, 381-389.
Hinton, H. E. (1967). Plastron respiration in the marine fly Canace. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 47(02), 319-327.
Holbrook, G. L., Armstrong, E., AS Bachmann, J., Deasy, B. M., & Schal, C. (2000). Role of feeding in the reproductive ‘group effect’in females of the German cockroach Blattella germanica (L.). Journal of insect physiology, 46(6), 941-949.
Hopkin, S. P., & Read, H. J. (1992). The biology of millipedes. pp. 233. Oxford University Press.
Hovemeyer, K. (1999). Diversity patterns in terrestrial dipteran communities. Journal of animal ecology, 68(2), 400-416.
Igarashi, K., & Nomura, M. (2013). Development and reproduction of Geocoris varius (Hemiptera: Geocoridae) on two types of artificial diet. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 48(3), 403-407.
Ingrisch, S. (1986). The plurennial life cycles of the European Tettigoniidae (Insecta: Orthoptera). Oecologia, 70(4), 606-616.
Jackson, R. R. (1978). Life history of Phidippus johnsoni (Araneae, Salticidae). Journal of arachnology, 6, 1-29.
Keiper, J. B., Walton, W. E., & Foote, B. A. (2002). Biology and ecology of higher Diptera from freshwater wetlands. Annual review of entomology, 47(1), 207-232.
Kejval, Z. B. Y. N. K. (2003). The genus Anthelephila (Coleoptera: Anthicidae). European Journal of Entomology, 100(3), 381-392.
Kinjo, M., Azuma, S., & Katada, S. I. (2003). The Ecology of Insects in Mangrove Forests on Iriomote Island with Special Reference ot Three Species of Tortricidae parasitizing Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora stylosa and Kandelia candel. Mangurobu ni kansuru Chosa Kenkyu Hokokusho Heisei 14 Nendo, 83-95.
Kirk-Spriggs, A. H., Barraclough, D. A., & Meier, R. (2002). The immature stages of Katacamilla cavernicola Papp, the first described for the Camillidae (Diptera: Schizophora), with comparison to other known Ephydroidea larvae, and notes on biology. Journal of Natural History, 36(9), 1105-1128.
Kuhar, T. P., Wright, M. G., Hoffmann, M. P., & Chenus, S. A. (2002). Life table studies of European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) with and without inoculative releases of Trichogramma ostriniae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Environmental entomology, 31(3), 482-489.
Kurkina, L. A. (1979). The biology of Machimus Annulipes (Diptera, Asilidae)[Life cycle, relation to environment]. Entomological Review, 58, 26-30.
Lebrun, E. G., & Feener, D. H. (2007). When trade‐offs interact: balance of terror enforces dominance discovery trade‐off in a local ant assemblage. Journal of Animal Ecology, 76(1), 58-64.
Lebrun, E. G., Tillberg, C. V., Suarez, A. V., Folgarait, P. J., Smith, C. R., & Holway, D. A. (2007). An experimental study of competition between fire ants and Argentine ants in their native range. Ecology, 88(1), 63-75.
Leschen, R. A., & Carlton, C. E. (1993). Debris cloaking in Endomychidae: A new species from Peru (Coleoptera). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 109(1), 35-51.
Lewis, J. G. E. (1972). The life histories and distribution of the centipedes Rhysida nuda togoensis and Ethmostigmus trigonopodus (Scolopendromorpha: Scolopendridae) in Nigeria. Journal of Zoology, 167(4), 399-414.
Madenjian, J. J., Eifert, J. D., & Lawrence, J. F. (1993). Ciidae: newly recognized beetle pests of commercial dried mushrooms. Journal of Stored Products Research, 29(1), 45-48.
Maehara, N., & Futai, K. (1996). Factors affecting both the numbers of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae), carried by the Japanese pine sawyer, Monochamus alternatus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), and the nematode's life history. Applied entomology and zoology, 31(3), 443-452.
Magnusson, A. K., & Williams, D. D. (2009). Top-down control by insect predators in an intermittent pond-a field experiment. Int J Limnol, 45, 131-143.
Malschi, D. (2009). Monographical study for the identification and control of diptera pest species on Romanian wheat crops. ABAH Bioflux, 1(1), 33-47.
Marcos-García, M., & Pérez-Bañón, C. (2002). Life cycle, adult and immature stages of a new species of Copestylum (Diptera: Syrphidae) from Mexico reared from Cactaceae. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 95(4), 432-440.
Mari, J. M., Nizamani, S. M., Lobar, M. K., & Khuhro, R. D. (2004). Biology of Menochilus sexmaculatus Fab. and Coccinella undecimpunctata L (Coccinellidae: Coleoptera) on Alfalfa Aphid Therioaphis trifolii Monell. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology, 7(3), 297-301.
Masaki, S., & Walker, T. J. (1987). Cricket life cycles. In Evolutionary biology (Ed. M. K. Hecht), pp. 349-423. Springer US.
Meier, R., Kotrba, M., & Barber, K. N. (1997). A comparative study of the egg, first-instar larva, puparium, female reproductive system, and natural history of Curtonotum helvum (Curtonotidae, Ephydroidea, Diptera). American Museum novitates, 3219, 1-20.
Messi, J., Kekeunou, S., & Weise, S. (2006). Abundance and life cycle of Zonocerus variegatus (Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidae) in the humid forest zone of Southern Cameroon. Entomological Science, 9(1), 23-30.
Moreira, G. F., Moreira, C. C., Andaló, V., Junior, A. M., Martos, E. T., Dias, E. S., & Lopes, P. L. (2010). Occurrence and characterization of injuries caused by Mycotretus apicalis Lacordaire, 1842 (Coleoptera: Erotylidae) on cultivation of Pleurotus sajor-caju. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 26(3), 573-575.
Morgan, P. B., Hogsette, J. A., & Patterson, R. S. (1990). Life History of Trichopria stomoxydis (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea: Diapriidae) a gregarious endoparasite of Stomoxys calcitrans from Zimbabwe, Africa. Florida Entomologist, 73(3), 496-502.
Moser, J. C., & Neff, S. E. (1971). Pholeomyia comans (Diptera: Milichiidae) an associate of Atta texana: larval anatomy and notes on biology. Zeitschrift für angewandte Entomologie, 69(1‐4), 343-348.
Müller, C. B., Shykoff, J. A., & Sutcliffe, G. H. (1992). Life history patterns and opportunities for queen-worker conflict in bumblebees (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Oikos, 65, 242-248.
Nelson, J. M. (1992). Biology and early stages of the dung-fly Acanthocnema glaucescens (Loew)(Dipt., Scathophagidae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine, 128, 71-73.
New, T. R. (1975). The biology of Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae (Neuroptera), with reference to their usage as biocontrol agents: a review. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, 127(2), 115-140.
O'dowd, D. J., Green, P. T., & Lake, P. S. (2003). Invasional ‘meltdown’on an oceanic island. Ecology Letters, 6(9), 812-817.
Oliver, D. R. (1971). Life history of the Chironomidae. Annual Review of Entomology, 16(1), 211-230.
Paranjape, S. Y., & Bhalerao, A. M. (1985). Bioecological observations on a pigmy locust, Potua sabulosa Hancock (Tetrigidae: Orthoptera). Psyche, 92(2-3), 331-336.
Pascarella, J. B. (1996). The biology of Periploca sp.(Lepidoptera: Cosmopterigidae): A gall maker on Ardisia escallonioides (Myrsinaceae). The Florida entomologist, 79(4), 606-610.
Peck, S. B., & Cook, J. (2011). Systematics, distributions and bionomics of the Catopocerini (eyeless soil fungivore beetles) of North America (Coleoptera: Leiodidae: Catopocerinae). Zootaxa, 3077, 1-118.
Pillai, G. B., & Nair, K. R. (1982). Mating behaviour and biology of Elasmus nephantidis Rohw (Hymenoptera: Elasmidae), a parasitoid of Nephantis serinopa Meyrick. Journal of Plantation Crops, 10(1), 33-38.
Piper, R. (2007). Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 301.
Pomari, A. F., Bueno, A. D. F., De Freitas Bueno, R. C. O., & De Oliveira Menezes Junior, A. (2012). Biological characteristics and thermal requirements of the biological control agent Telenomus remus (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) reared on eggs of different species of the genus Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 105(1), 73-81.
Puplesis, R., & Robinson, G. S. (1999). Revision of the Oriental Opostegidae (Lepidoptera) with general comments on phylogeny within the family. Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, London (Entomology Series), 68(1), 1-92.
Raina, A., Yong, I. P., & Florane, C. (2003). Behavior and reproductive biology of the primary reproductives of the Formosan subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology, 41(1A), 37-48.
Reddersen, J. (2001). Age structure and growth in cereal field populations of fungivorous beetle larvae, Atomaria spp. (Cryptophagidae; Col.), and the indirect effects of pesticides. Pedobiologia, 45(2), 146-160.
Rees, D. P. (1985). Life history of Teretriosoma nigrescens Lewis (Coleoptera: Histeridae) and its ability to suppress populations of Prostephanus truncatus (Horn)(Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Journal of Stored Products Research, 21(3), 115-118.
Rees, D. P. (2004). Insects of stored products, pp. 183. CSIRO PUBLISHING.
Robert, M. M. (1977). Optimal life history strategies. Nature, 267, 394-395.
Roháček, J. (1995). Clusiidae (Diptera) of the Czech and Slovak Republics: faunistics and notes on biology and behaviour. Čas. Slez. Muz. Opava (A), 44, 123-140.
Rota, J. (2008). Immature stages of metalmark moths from the genus Brenthia clemens (Choreutidae):morphology and life history notes. Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society, 62(3), 121-129.
Salle, J. L., Raman, A., Schaefer, C. W., & Withers, T. M. (2005). Biology of gall inducers and evolution of gall induction in Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae, Eurytomidae, Pteromalidae, Tanaostigmatidae, Torymidae). Biology, ecology and evolution of gall-inducing arthropods, 1-2, 507-537.
Sato, M. (1966). The limnichid-beetles of Japan. Transactions of the Shikoku Entomological Society, 9, 55-62.
Schimmel, R., & Tarnawski, D. (2011). Studies on the Negastriinae: New and Little-Known Species of the Genus Hemirrhaphes Candèze, 1878 (Insecta: Coleoptera: Elateridae) from Southeast Asia. Zoological Studies, 50(6), 804-808.
Schowalter, T. D. and L. M. Ganio. (1999). Invertebrate communities in a tropical rain forest canopy in Puerto Rico following Hurricane Hugo. Ecological Entomology 24:191-201.
Scott, J. K., & Yeoh, P. B. (2005). Biology and host specificity of Apion miniatum (Coleoptera: Apionidae) from Israel, a potential biological control agent for Emex australis and Emex spinosa (Polygonaceae) in Australia. Biological Control, 33(1), 20-31.
Segers, H., & Maelfait, J. P. (1990). Field-and laboratory observations on the life cycle of Coelotes terrestris and C. inermis (Araneae: Agelenidae). Bulletin de la Société d’Arachnologie, 1, 314-324.
Sen, S. K. (1921). Notes on the life-history of two species of Celyphidae. In Report of the Proceedings of the Entomological Meeting (Ed. T. B. Fletcher), pp. 293-297. Superintendent government printing.
Service, M. W. (1977). Ecological and biological studies on Aedes cantans (Meig.)(Diptera: Culicidae) in southern England. Journal of Applied Ecology, 14(1), 159-196.
Siddique, A. B., & Chapman, R. B. (1987). Effect of prey type and quantity on the reproduction, development, and survival of Pacific damsel bug, Nabis kinbergii Reuter (Hemiptera: Nabidae). New Zealand journal of zoology, 14(3), 343-349.
Siepel H. (1994). Life-history strategies of soil microarthropods. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 18, 263–278.
Simmons, L. W. (1987). Competition between larvae of the field cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) and its effects on some life-history components of fitness. The Journal of Animal Ecology, 56(3), 1015-1027.
Smith, T. J. (1970). The biology of Hemithynnus hyalinatus (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae), a parasite of scarabaeid larvae. Australian Journal of Entomology, 9(3), 183-195.
Statzner, B., Resh V.H. & Dole´dec, S. (1994). Ecology of the upper Rhone river: a test of habitat templet theories. Freshwater Biology, 31, 253–554.
Stay, B., & Gelperin, A. (1966). Physiological basis of ovipositional behaviour in the false ovoviviparous cockroach, Pycnoscelus surinamensis (L.). Journal of Insect Physiology, 12(10), 1217-1226.
Steck, G. J. (1984). Chaetostomella undosa (Diptera: Tephritidae): Biology, ecology, and larval description. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 77(6), 669-678.
Stiling, P., Rossi, A. M., Strong, D. R., & Johnson, D. M. (1992). Life history and parasites of Asphondylia borrichiae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), a gall maker on Borrichia frutescens. Florida Entomologist, 75(1), 130-137.
Stouthamer, R., & Luck, R. F. (1993). Influence of microbe‐associated parthenogenesis on the fecundity of Trichogramma deion and T. pretiosum. Entomologia experimentalis et applicata, 67(2), 183-192.
Sweet, M. H. (1960). The seed bugs: a contribution to the feeding habits of the Lygaeidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 53(3), 317-321.
Takahashi, M., Machida, K., Murata, M., Misumi, H., Hori, E., Kawamura, A., & Tanaka, H. (1993). Seasonal development of Leptotrombidium pallidum (Acari: Trombiculidae) observed by experimental rearing in the natural environment. Journal of medical entomology, 30(2), 320-325.
Tallamy, D. W., & Denno, R. F. (1982). Life history trade-offs in Gargaphia solani (Hemiptera: Tingidae): the cost of reproduction. Ecology, 63(3), 616-620.
Tanaka, M., & Inoue, K. (1980). Biology of Cybocephalus nipponicus Endroy Yonga (Cybocephalidae) and its role as a predator of citrus red mites, Panonychus citri (McGregor). Bulletin of the Fruit Tree Research Station, Japan, D (Kuchinotsu), 2, 91-110.
Tauber, C.A. & Tauber, M.J. (1981). Insect seasonal cycles: genetics and evolution. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 12, 281–308.
Tessier, A.J. & Woodruff, P. (2002). Trading off the ability to exploit rich versus poor food quality. Ecology Letters, 5, 685–692.
Townes, H. (1958). Some Biological Characteristics of the Ichneumonidae (Hymenoptera) in Relation to Biological Control. Journal of Economic Entomology, 51(5), 650-652.
Townsend, C.R., Doledec S. & Scarsbrook, M.R. (1997). Species traits in relation to temporal and spatial heterogeneity in streams: a test of habitat templet theory. Freshwater Biology, 37, 367–387.
Ueng, Y. T. (2013). Redescription of two species of the genus Ochthera Latreille 1802 (Diptera: Ephydridae) from Taiwan. The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 89(1), 37-42.
Van Kleef, H. H., Van Duinen, G. A., Verberk, W. C. E. P., Esselink, H., Leuven, R. S. E. W., & van der Velde, G. (2006). Biological traits successfully predict the effects of restoration management on macroinvertebrates in shallow softwater lakes. In Living Rivers: Trends and Challenges in Science and Management (Ed. R. S. E. W. Leuven), pp. 201-216. Springer Netherlands.
Van Noordwijk, C. G. E. T., Boer, P., Mabelis, A. A. B., Verberk, W. C. E. P., & Siepel, H. (2012). Life-history strategies as a tool to identify conservation constraints: A case-study on ants in chalk grasslands. Ecological Indicators, 13, 303–313.
Verberk, W. C. E. P., Siepel, H., & Esselink, H. (2008). Freshwater Biology, 53, 1722-1738.
Verberk, W. C. E. P., Van Der Velde, G., & Esselink, H. (2010). Explaining abundance–occupancy relationships in specialists and generalists: a case study on aquatic macroinvertebrates in standing waters. Journal of Animal Ecology, 79(3), 589-601.
Vit, S., & Oromí, P. (2003). Contribution to the scydmaenid fauna of la Gomera (Canary Islands) (Coleoptera: Scydmaenidae). Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias:= Folia Canariensis Academiae Scientiarum, 15(3), 321-328.
Watson, L., & Dallwitz, M.J. (2003). onwards. British insects: the families of Coleoptera. Version: 25th July 2012. http://delta-intkey.com/
Whitcomb, W. H., Hite, M., & Eason, R. (1966). Life history of the green lynx spider, Peucetia viridans (Araneida: Oxyopidae). Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 39(2), 259-267.
Whittaker, J. B. (1969). The biology of Pipunculidae (Diptera) parasitising some British Cercopidae (Homoptera). Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society of London. Series A, General Entomology, 44(1-3), 17-24.
Wilcocks, C. R., & Oliver, E. H. A. (1976). Life cycle of the Australian soldier fly, Inopus rubriceps (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), in New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Zoology, 3(2), 115-125.
Wissinger, S. A. (1988). Effects of food availability on larval development and inter-instar predation among larvae of Libellula lydia and Libellula luctuosa (Odonata: Anisoptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 66(2), 543-549.
Zack, R. S. (1983). Further notes on the shore flies (Diptera: Ephydridae) of Mount Rainier National Park, Washington. Northwest Science, 57(3), 212-223.
Zefa, E., Rúbio, F.M., Rinaldi, A.R., Gollin, L.H., Da Silva, D.B.F. & Dias, P.G.B.S. (2006). Seasonal life cycle of the tropical cricket Eneoptera surinamensis (Orthoptera, Gryllidae, Eneopterinae). Iheringia, Sér. Zool., Porto Alegre, 96, 267–269.
Zera, A.J. & Denno, R.F. (1997). Physiology and ecology of dispersal polymorphism in insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 42, 207-230.
Zhao, Q., Zhu, D. H., Yang, Y. P., & Tan, R. H. (2009). Variation of embryonic diapause intensity and life-cycle pattern in five geographic populations of the Chinese rice grasshopper, Oxya chinensis (Orthoptera: Acridoidea: Catantopidae) from China. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 52(2), 183-190.