石墨烯是一種很有前景的材料，可應用於電子，感應器和儲能設備中的電極。為了增加其本身能帶結構賦予之固有電荷載子濃度，必須進行電子或電洞之電荷摻雜。本篇論文研究電荷與石墨烯之間的相互作用，以了解摻雜石墨烯電極的極限與應用。
首先，對於摻雜劑和石墨烯之間的電荷轉移研究發現，有校的電荷轉移效率只有預期值的5％。該問題源自於小摻雜劑群體的幾何電容非常的低，於是我們發展了一個處理步驟的組合以增加摻雜劑簇尺寸和幾何電容。我們證明增加的表面能可以將電荷轉移效率提高到70％，並生產出一個超透明的電極，其在97％透射率下顯示出106Ω/ sq 的電阻，這是摻雜單層石墨烯的最高報告性能，並且與市面上販售之透明導體產品相當。
然而，我們發現增加摻雜劑群體的尺寸對石墨烯中的載流子傳輸產生負面的影響。使用原位光譜和霍爾效應的量測，我們證明在高摻雜劑覆蓋下會發生載流子的滲透傳輸，這降低了載流子遷移率卻不能增加載流子濃度，導致電阻增加，這代表了對有效摻雜的第一次觀察。
最後，我們揭示了石墨烯在電化學電極中的應用，將會受摻雜劑之存在與其特性而影響。在一片石墨烯中使用微米級電極陣列，在不同位置有不同的摻雜程度，我們發現其很大的影響了異質電荷轉移率（HCT）。靜電摻雜可以利用這種現象並動態調整石墨烯的電化學反應性超過一個數量級。該新特性可用於增強電化學阻抗譜的靈敏度。

Graphene is a promising material for application as electrodes in electronic, sensing and energy storage devices. To increase the intrinsic charge carrier concentration imparted by its unique band structure, doping with charge donators or acceptors has to be carried out. This thesis investigates the interaction of charges with graphene to identify the limitations and applications of doped graphene electrodes.
First, the study of the charge transfer between dopants and graphene reveals a limited charge transfer efficiency as low as 5% of the expected values. This issue was found to originate from the low geometrical capacitance of small dopant clusters and a combination of treatment steps was developed to increase the dopant cluster size and eometrical capacitance. Increased surface energy was demonstrated to increase the charge transfer efficiency to 70% and yield ultra-transparent electrodes that showed resistances of 106 Ω/sq at 97% transmittance which represents the highest reported performance for doped
single layer graphene and is on par with commercially available transparent conductors.
However, the increase in dopant cluster size was found to negatively impact the carrier transport in graphene. Using in-situ spectroscopic and Hall effect characterization we demonstrate that at high dopant coverage percolative transport occurs that decreases the carrier mobility without increasing the carrier concentration resulting in an increasing resistance which represents the first observation of a window for useful doping.
Finally, we show that the application of graphene to electrochemical electrodes is affected by the presence and character of dopants. Employing micro-electrode arrays within one sheet of graphene we find large variations in the heterogeneous charge transfer rate (HCT) that correlates with the spatially varying doping level. Electrostatic doping can exploit this phenomenon and dynamically tune the electrochemical reactivity of graphene over an order of magnitude. This novel property was applied to enhance the sensitivity of Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy.

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