睡眠剝奪會引發許多健康問題，例如肥胖、心血管疾病及代謝症候群。人們在睡眠剝奪時傾向攝取垃圾食物是普遍的習慣，因為垃圾食物容易滿足食慾。而垃圾食物也是多數慢性疾病的主要風險因子。因此，本研究目的為探討三十天睡眠剝奪期間食用垃圾食品飲食對小鼠的健康影響是否會產生更大傷害。垃圾食品飲食是將市面上常見的高熱量與低營養的食物與正常飲食依適當的比例進行混合。使用改良式多平台小鼠模式誘導一天從早上7點至晚上7點睡眠剝奪後，給予一天睡眠正常並以此循環持續30天。雄性C57BL/6小鼠隨機分為四組，分別為睡眠正常食用正常飲食；睡眠正常食用垃圾食品飲食；睡眠剝奪食用正常飲食；睡眠剝奪食用垃圾食品飲食。每天計算食物攝取量且每週測量體重。30天後，取血液、體脂肪與肝臟做後續分析。對血糖、血中瘦體素、血液與肝臟中脂質含量以及肝臟功能指標進行測定，並對肝臟脂質代謝、脂質過氧化與發炎反應進行分析。結果顯示，相較於睡眠剝奪食用正常飲食，睡眠剝奪食用垃圾食品飲食增加熱量攝取量、體脂肪、血糖、血液中瘦體素、血脂含量以及肝臟中脂質過氧化反應。然而，睡眠剝奪食用垃圾食品飲食相較於睡眠正常食用垃圾食品飲食並未有更加嚴重的影響。綜合以上結果得知，三十天食用垃圾食品飲食會使體內能量與脂質平衡改變，造成血脂含量異常，但睡眠剝奪尚未產生顯著的變化，而睡眠剝奪期間食用垃圾食品飲食也並未有加速惡化的發生。

Sleep deprivation is associated with severe health issues such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. During sleep deprivation having junk food is common habit as an easy appetite fulfillment. Junk food is a major risk factor for most of the chronic diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of junk food consumption during sleep deprivation in mice. Junk food diet was prepared by mixing many high calorie and less nutritive foods with normal chow diet in appropriate portions. One day sleep deprivation (from 7 am to 7 pm) induced by modified multiple platform method and one day sleep continued 30 days. Mice were randomly assigned to four groups, including sleep control with normal chow diet, sleep control with junk food diet, sleep deprivation with normal chow diet, and sleep deprivation with junk food diet. After 30 days, blood, abdominal fat and liver were collected. Consuming junk food diet during sleep deprivation increased calorie intake, abdominal fat, blood glucose, leptin, lipid contents and liver lipid peroxidation compared with normal chow diet during sleep deprivation. Nevertheless, this did not cause more adverse effects compared with consuming junk food diet during sleep control. In conclusion, consuming junk food diet for 30 days altered the energy and lipid balances, and led to the abnormal blood lipid contents. Sleep deprivation did not promote significant changes yet. However, consuming junk food diet had no significant alterations in the parameters during sleep deprivation.

Aruoma OI. 1998. Free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants in human health and disease. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 75: 199-212.
Banks S, Dinges DF. 2007. Behavioral and physiological consequences of sleep restriction. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine: official publication of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine 3: 519-528.
Bowman SA, Gortmaker SL, Ebbeling CB, Pereira MA, Ludwig DS. 2004. Effects of fast-food consumption on energy intake and diet quality among children in a national household survey. Pediatrics 113: 112-118.
Brianza-Padilla M, Bonilla-Jaime H, Almanza-Perez JC, Lopez-Lopez AL, Sanchez-Munoz F, Vazquez-Palacios G. 2016. Effects of different periods of paradoxical sleep deprivation and sleep recovery on lipid and glucose metabolism and appetite hormones in rats. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 41: 235-243.
Chagnac A, Weinstein T, Korzets A, Ramadan E, Hirsch J, Gafter U. 2000. Glomerular hemodynamics in severe obesity. American Journal of Physiology Renal Physiology 278: F817-F822.
Chambel SS, Santos-Goncalves A, Duarte TL. 2015. The dual role of Nrf2 in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: Regulation of antioxidant defenses and hepatic lipid metabolism. BioMed Research International 2015: 597134.
De Schepper J, Zhou X, De Bock S, Smitz J, Louis O, Hooghe-Peters E, Vandenplas Y. 1998. Study of serum leptin in cafeteria-diet-overfed rats. Influence of diet, insulin and corticosterone. Hormone Research 50: 271-275.
Dobrzyn A, Ntambi JM. 2005. The role of stearoyl-CoA desaturase in the control of metabolism. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids 73: 35-41.
Drager LF, Togeiro SM, Polotsky VY, Lorenzi-Filho G. 2013. Obstructive sleep apnea: A cardiometabolic risk in obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Journal of the American College of Cardiology 62: 569-576.
Fang YZ, Yang S, Wu G. 2002. Free radicals, antioxidants, and nutrition. Nutrition (Burbank, Los Angeles County, Calif) 18: 872-879.
Finkel T, Holbrook NJ. 2000. Oxidants, oxidative stress and the biology of ageing. Nature 408: 239-247.
Gao X, Yuan S. 2010. High density lipoproteins-based therapies for cardiovascular disease. Journal of Cardiovascular Disease Research 1: 99-103.
Ghouri N, Preiss D, Sattar N. 2010. Liver enzymes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and incident cardiovascular disease: A narrative review and clinical perspective of prospective data. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 52: 1156-1161.
Halima BH, Sonia G, Sarra K, Houda BJ, Fethi BS, Abdallah A. 2017. Apple cider vinegar attenuates oxidative stress and reduces the risk of obesity in high-fat-fed male wistar rats. Journal of Medicinal Food. [Epub ahead of print]
Hanlon EC, Tasali E, Leproult R, Stuhr KL, Doncheck E, de Wit H, Hillard CJ, Van Cauter E. 2016. Sleep restriction enhances the daily rhythm of circulating levels of endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol. Sleep 39: 653-664.
Hardie DG, Pan DA. 2002. Regulation of fatty acid synthesis and oxidation by the AMP-activated protein kinase. Biochemical Society Transactions 30: 1064-1070.
Henegar JR, Bigler SA, Henegar LK, Tyagi SC, Hall JE. 2001. Functional and structural changes in the kidney in the early stages of obesity. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 12: 1211-1217.
Hirshkowitz M, Whiton K, Albert SM, Alessi C, Bruni O, DonCarlos L, Hazen N, Herman J, Katz ES, Kheirandish-Gozal L, Neubauer DN, O’Donnell AE, Ohayon M, Peever J, Rawding R, Sachdeva RC, Setters B, Vitiello MV, Ware JC, Adams Hillard PJ. National Sleep Foundation ’ s sleep time duration recommendations: methodology and results summary. Sleep Health 2015-1: 40-43.
Kim JH, Kim Y, Lee SD, Lopez I, Arnold RS, Lambeth JD, Suh PG, Ryu SH. 1999. Selective activation of phospholipase D2 by unsaturated fatty acid. FEBS letters 454: 42-46.
Kim MH, Lee J, Jung S, Kim JW, Shin JH, Lee HJ. 2017. The involvement of ginseng berry extract in blood flow via regulation of blood coagulation in rats fed a high-fat diet. Journal of Ginseng Research 41: 120-126.
Kotzka J, Muller-Wieland D. 2004. Sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP)-1: Gene regulatory target for insulin resistance? Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets 8:141-149.
Leffa DD, Rezin GT, Daumann F, Longaretti LM, Dajori AL, Gomes LM, Silva MC, Streck EL, de Andrade VM. 2017. Effects of Acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.) juice intake on brain energy metabolism of mice fed a cafeteria diet. Molecular Neurobiology 54: 954-963.
Li H, Lelliott C, Hakansson P, Ploj K, Tuneld A, Verolin-Johansson M, Benthem L, Carlsson B, Storlien L, Michaëlsson E. 2008. Intestinal, adipose, and liver inflammation in diet-induced obese mice. Metabolism 57: 1704-1710.
Listenberger LL, Han X, Lewis SE, Cases S, Farese RV, Jr., Ory DS, Schaffer JE. 2003. Triglyceride accumulation protects against fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100: 3077-3082.
Lungato L, Nogueira-Pedro A, Carvalho Dias C, Paredes-Gamero EJ, Tufik S, D'Almeida V. 2016. Effects of sleep deprivation on mice bone marrow and spleen B lymphopoiesis. Journal of Cellular Physiology 231: 1313-1320.
McCarley RW. 2007. Neurobiology of REM and NREM sleep. Sleep medicine 8: 302-330.
McNeil J, Forest G, Hintze LJ, Brunet JF, Finlayson G, Blundell JE, Doucet É. 2017. The effects of partial sleep restriction and altered sleep timing on appetite and food reward. Appetite 109: 48-56.
Meli R, Raso GM, Irace C, Simeoli R, Di Pascale A, Paciello O, Paqano TB, Caliqnano A, Colonna A, Santamaria R. 2013. High fat diet induces liver steatosis and early dysregulation of iron metabolism in rats. PloS one 8: 1-11.
Mhaidat NM, Alzoubi KH, Khabour OF, Tashtoush NH, Banihani SA, Abdul-razzak KK. 2015. Exploring the effect of vitamin C on sleep deprivation induced memory impairment. Brain Research Bulletin 113: 41-47.
Miyazaki M, Kim YC, Ntambi JM. 2001. A lipogenic diet in mice with a disruption of the stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 gene reveals a stringent requirement of endogenous monounsaturated fatty acids for triglyceride synthesis. Journal of Lipid Research 42: 1018-1024.
Moraes W, Poyares D, Zalcman I, de Mello MT, Bittencourt LR, Santos-Silva R, Tufik S. 2013. Association between body mass index and sleep duration assessed by objective methods in a representative sample of the adult population. Sleep medicine 14: 312-318.
Na HY, Seol MH, Kim M, Lee BC. 2017. Effect of seyoeum on obesity, insulin resistance, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease of high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6 mice. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2017: 4658543.
Norris AW, Chen L, Fisher SJ, Szanto I, Ristow M, Jozsi AC, Hirshman MF, Rosen ED, Goodyear LJ, Gonzalez FJ, Spieqelman BM, Kahn CR. 2003. Muscle-specific PPARgamma-deficient mice develop increased adiposity and insulin resistance but respond to thiazolidinediones. Journal of Clinical Investigation 112: 608-618.
Ntambi JM. 1995. The regulation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD). Progress in Lipid Research 34: 139-150.
Ong ZY, Muhlhausler BS. 2011. Maternal "junk-food" feeding of rat dams alters food choices and development of the mesolimbic reward pathway in the offspring. FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 25: 2167-2179.
Periasamy S, Hsu DZ, Fu YH, Liu MY. 2015. Sleep deprivation-induced multi-organ injury: Role of oxidative stress and inflammation. Experimental and Clinical Sciences International online journal for advances in science 14: 672-683.
Pirillo A, Catapano AL. 2017. Pitavastatin and HDL: Effects on plasma levels and function(s). Atherosclerosis Supplements 27: e1-e9.
Reyes TM. 2012. High-fat diet alters the dopamine and opioid systems: Effects across development. International journal of Obesity Supplements 2: S25-S28.
Rod NH, Kumari M, Lange T, Kivimaki M, Shipley M, Ferrie J. 2014. The joint effect of sleep duration and disturbed sleep on cause-specific mortality: Results from the whitehall ii cohort study. PloS one 9: 1-10.
Saladin Kenneth S. 2007. Anatomy & physiology the unity of form and function. Dubuque, IA: McGraw-Hill
Salvador AC, Krol E, Lemos VC, Santos SA, Bento FP, Costa CP, Almeida A, Szczepankiewicz D, Kulczyński B, Krejpcio Z, Silvestre AJ, Rocha SM14. 2016. Effect of Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) extract supplementation in STZ-induced diabetic rats fed with a high-fat diet. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18: 13-32.
Sato R. 2010. Sterol metabolism and srebp activation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 501: 177-181.
Scarpace PJ, Zhang Y. 2007. Elevated leptin: Consequence or cause of obesity? Frontiers in Bioscience : A journal and virtual library 12: 3531-3544.
Sclafani A, Springer D. 1976. Dietary obesity in adult rats: Similarities to hypothalamic and human obesity syndromes. Physiology & behavior 17: 461-471.
Siersbaek M, Varticovski L, Yang S, Baek S, Nielsen R, Mandrup S, Hager GL, Chung JH, Grøntved L. 2017. High fat diet-induced changes of mouse hepatic transcription and enhancer activity can be reversed by subsequent weight loss. Scientific Reports 7: 40220.
Sofer S, Eliraz A, Madar Z, Froy O. 2015. Concentrating carbohydrates before sleep improves feeding regulation and metabolic and inflammatory parameters in mice. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology 414: 29-41.
Spiegel K, Tasali E, Penev P, Van Cauter E. 2004. Brief communication: Sleep curtailment in healthy young men is associated with decreased leptin levels, elevated ghrelin levels, and increased hunger and appetite. Annals of Internal Medicine 141: 846-850.
St-Onge MP, Roberts AL, Chen J, Kelleman M, O'Keeffe M, RoyChoudhury A, Jones PJ. 2011. Short sleep duration increases energy intakes but does not change energy expenditure in normal-weight individuals. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 94: 410-416.
St-Onge MP, Wolfe S, Sy M, Shechter A, Hirsch J. 2014. Sleep restriction increases the neuronal response to unhealthy food in normal-weight individuals. International Journal of Obesity (2005) 38: 411-416.
Tian X, Yan C, Liu M, Zhang Q, Liu D, Liu Y, Li S, Han Y. 2017. Creg1 heterozygous mice are susceptible to high fat diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. PloS one 12: 1-17.
Togeiro SM, Carneiro G, Ribeiro Filho FF, Zanella MT, Santos-Silva R, Taddei JA, Bittencourt LR, Tufik S. 2013. Consequences of obstructive sleep apnea on metabolic profile: A population-based survey. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md) 21: 847-851.
Trzepizur W, Gaceb A, Arnaud C, Ribuot C, Levy P, Martinez MC, Gangnadoux F Andriantsitohaina R. 2015. Vascular and hepatic impact of short-term intermittent hypoxia in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome. PloS one 10: 1-15.
Tuzcu Z, Orhan C, Sahin N, Juturu V, Sahin K. 2017. Cinnamon polyphenol extract inhibits hyperlipidemia and inflammation by modulation of transcription factors in high-fat diet-fed rats. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 2017: 1583098.
Wang Y, Carreras A, Lee S, Hakim F, Zhang SX, Nair D, Ye H, Gozal D. 2014. Chronic sleep fragmentation promotes obesity in young adult mice. Obesity (Silver Spring, Md) 22: 758-762.
Young I, McEneny J. 2001. Lipoprotein oxidation and atherosclerosis. Biochemical Society Transactions 29(Pt 2): 358-362.
Zeeni N, Dagher-Hamalian C, Dimassi H, Faour WH. 2015. Cafeteria diet-fed mice is a pertinent model of obesity-induced organ damage: A potential role of inflammation. Inflammation Research 64: 501-512.
Zhang Y, Scarpace PJ. 2006. The role of leptin in leptin resistance and obesity. Physiology & behavior 88: 249-256.
Zou X, Huang W, Lu F, Fang K, Wang D, Zhao S, Jia J, Xu L, Wang K, Wang N, Dong H. 2017. The effects of Jiao-Tai-Wan on sleep, inflammation and insulin resistance in obesity-resistant rats with chronic partial sleep deprivation. BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine 17: 165-174.