流體化（fluidization）為固體表現如流體般行為的現象，可以在固體顆粒層導入流體達成。建築領域的集體式建構（collective construction），物件單元在流體環境進行集體構築，而流體化床兼具流體與固體的特性增加了物件集體式建構的可能。本研究以局部流體化之現象為對象，進行實體操作、操作環境之設計、實體現象至數位規則之轉換及探討流體化床應用於集體式建構的可能性。

在建築設計中對設計方案的找形，材料特性展現亦或是物理現象變化的觀察有助於找形的優化，而實體模型相較於數位模型提供了更多未知的探索性。流體化環境的物理特質使得沉浸其中之物件依其密度和床體密度大小懸浮或沉入床體中。而為了模擬及評估流體化床，已經有許多模型被發展出來，經常這些模擬方法又依其關注的層面進行流體化現象之簡化。本研究以局部流體化床作為集成式建構之環境，對流體化床進行環境控制及流態現象找形探討。

本研究操作4 組流體化床實體模型。前二組分別以準二維床體、單支鑽孔管材及圓柱床體、不織布做為床體型式及多孔媒介進行沙灘砂材及二氧化矽砂材流體化。第三個模型在三維床體以多組鑽孔管材嘗試沙灘砂材局部流體化及物件移動控制。第四個模型進一步對塑料顆粒進行局部流體化，其結果以影像素材分析及數位質點影像測速輔助以資料視覺化進行流體化現象和規則整理。

數位模型以第4 個實體模型為視覺化對象。模型主要機制包含流場跟隨、浮力參數判斷及碰撞偵測。以實體模型流場特徵生成流場跟隨的向量場以進行顆粒物件位置更新，透過浮力參數判斷模擬塑料顆粒浮力特性，最後以碰撞偵測避免物件重疊或超出視覺化範圍。透過不斷的重複流場跟隨、浮力參數判斷及碰撞偵測進行流體化現象視覺化。

本研究以局部流體化和不同進氣位置產生不同流體化紋理為視覺化對象進行模型的設計與操作。透過不同實體設置的操作結果進行修改以設計出可以操作與觀察局部流體化的實體模型。提出數位模型作為流體化視覺化方法，並在實體到數位模型轉化過程建立參照系統及建模方法。

Fluidization refers to the phenomenon of solid substance behaving like fluid, which can be achieved by passing fluid through a bed of solid particles. In the field of architecture, collective construction where object units are autonomously assembled are driven by energy in physical environments such as air or fluid, a partially fluidized bed whereas both fluid and solid properties coexist provide further possibilities in collective construction. We are interested in the solid fluid state transfer of particles, their coexistence in a partially fluidized bed and how objects act within. In this research we operated four physical fluidized beds, designed an environment for operating and observing a partially fluidized bed, converted physical phenomenon into rules for a digital environment and discussed the feasibility of collective construction in a fluidized environment.

Observation on material properties and changes in physical phenomenon aid the form finding process in architectural designs. The attributes of a fluidized environment lead to objects which immerse in them to suspend or sink accordingly to the density of itself and the bed. In order to simulate and evaluate a fluidized bed, many models have been developed, and these methods for simulating fluidization are often simplified according to a level of concern. In this study we explore the environmental controls and flow patterns of a partially fluidized bed under the concept of implementing collective construction in a fluidized environment.

Four fluidized bed physical models were conducted and operated during the research, as a result, an operating environment for a partially fluidized bed was designed along with the identification of control parameters. In the first two models, different bed type, porous media and granule particles were tested, a suitable combination was carried out for further development. Partially fluidization and the experiment on controlling objects was tested in the third model. Finally for the fourth model, an operating environment was constructed with adjustments resulting from the previous models and a partially fluidization experiment involving different air inlet positions was executed. The experiment results were further examined through observation of recorded materials and analysis with digital particle image velocimetry aided with data visualization.

A digital model was then established to visualize the fluidization phenomenon of the last physical model. The main mechanics of the digital model includes flow field following, floating parameter conditioning and collision detection. A flow field generated according to characteristics extracted from analysis results of physical
model is used for flow field following to update particle position, whether a floating parameter should be added is then decided through examining the amplitude of desired movement of each particle, the collision detection prevents particles from overlapping and moving beyond visualization region. The fluidization phenomenon is visualized through constant repetition of flow field following, floating parameter conditioning and collision detection.

In this study, a fluidized bed reference system was established through the operating process and outcome results of physical and digital models, the parameters include the relation of air inlet position with vortex structures and flow speed. These parameters determine the relevance of the physical model and digital model, which also depict the flow structure and patterns for different inlet positions of a partially fluidized bed. Finally, the digital visualization method and the process from physical model to digital model including identification of parameters and data conversion were further discussed.

Beesley, P., Williamson, S., & Woodbury, R. (2006, July). Parametric modelling as a design representation in architecture: a process account. Toronto: Canadian Design Engineering Network Conference. (pp. 158-165)

Brennen, C. E. (2005). Fundamentals of Multiphase Flow. Cambridge University Press.

Burkhardt, B. (2020). Soap‐film and soap‐bubble models. In B. Addis, K. E. Kurrer, & W. Lorenz (Eds.), PHYSICAL MODELS: Their Historical and Current Use in Civil and Building Engineering Design (pp. 569–585). John Wiley & Sons.

Cocco, R., Karri, S. B. R., & Knowlton, T. (2014). Introduction to fluidization. Chem. Eng. Prog, 110(11), 21–29.

Crowe, C. T. (2005). Multiphase Flow Handbook (Vol. 59). CRC Press.

Davidson, J. F., Harrison, D., & Carvalho, J. R. F. G. D. (1977). On the Liquidlike Behavior of Fluidized Beds. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics, 9(1), 55–86.

Dechsiri, C. (2004). Particle Transport in Fluidized Beds: Experiments and Stochastic Models. Groningen. s.n.

Geldart, D. (1973). Types of gas fluidization. Powder Technology, 7(5), 285–292.

Grace, J. R. (1986). Contacting modes and behaviour classification of gas—solid and other two‐phase suspensions. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 64(3), 353–363.

Grace, J. R., Leckner, B., Zhu, J., & Cheng, Y. (2005). Fluidized beds. In C. T. Crowe (Ed), Multiphase Flow Handbook (pp. 5-1–5-93). CRC Press.

Hadia, H., & Ozkan, S. (2016). Modeling in Architecture: physical or virtual? In A. AL. Attili, A. Karandinou,& B. Daley(Eds.), Parametricism vs. Materialsim (pp. 135–144). Imperial House Publishers.

Loth, E., Tryggvason, G., Tsuji, Y., Elghobashi, S. E., Crowe, C. T., Berlemont, A., Reeks, M., Simonin, O., Frank, T., Onishi, Y., & van Wachem, B. (2005). Modeling. In C. T. Crowe (Ed), Multiphase Flow Handbook (pp. 13-1–13-150). CRC Press.

Maher, A., & Burry, M. (2003). The Parametric Bridge: connecting digital design techniques in architecture and engineering. Crossroads of Digital Discourse [Proceedings of the 2003 Annual Conference of the Association for Computer Aided Design In Architecture]. (pp. 39-47).

Makert, R., & Alves, G. (2016). Between designer and design: Parametric design and prototyping considerations on Gaudí’s Sagrada Familia. Periodica Polytechnica Architecture, 47(2), 89–93.

Rober, M. [Mark Rober]. (2017, November 29). Liquid Sand Hot Tub- Fluidized air bed [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=My4RA5I0FKs

Papadopoulou, A., Laucks, J., & Tibbits, S. (2017). From Self‐Assembly to Evolutionary Structures. Architectural Design, 87(4), 28–37.

Petersen, K. H., Napp, N., Stuart-Smith, R., Rus, D., & Kovac, M. (2019). A review of collective robotic construction. Science Robotics, 4(28).

Reynolds, C. W. (1999). Steering behaviors for autonomous characters. Game Developers Conference, vol. 1999, pp. 763–782.

Ri Archives. [Ri Archives]. (2016, October 24). Solids, Liquids and Gases – Properties of Matter #1 [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AaPmbvwdARo

Songel Gonzalez, J. M. (2010). Frei Otto and the debate about the genesis of architectural form. EGA. Revista de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica. vol. 15, no. 16, pp. 176-183.

Sorguç, A. G., & Selçuk, S. A. (2013). Computational models in architecture: understanding multi-dimensionality and mapping. Nexus Network Journal, 15(2), 349–362.

Theraulaz, G., & Bonabeau, E. (1995). Modelling the collective building of complex architectures in social insects with lattice swarms. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 177(4), 381– 400

Thielicke, W., & Stamhuis, E. (2014). PIVlab–towards user-friendly, affordable and accurate digital particle image velocimetry in MATLAB. Journal of Open Research Software, 2(1). p. e30.

Van der Hoef, M. A., Van Sint Annaland, M., Deen, N. G., & Kuipers, J. A. M. (2008). Numerical simulation of dense gas-solid fluidized beds: a multiscale modeling strategy. Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech., 40, 47–70.

Wendland, D. (2000). Model-based formfinding processes: Free forms in structural and architectural design. University of Stuttgart.

Yu, A. B., & Xu, B. H. (2003). Particle‐scale modelling of gas–solid flow in fluidisation. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology: International Research in Process, Environmental & Clean
Technology, 78(2‐3), 111–121.

黃正忠（1992）。流體化粒子之特性與分類。錢建嵩（主編），流體化床技術（頁17- 42）。臺北：高立圖書有限公司。

黃章瑞、伍芳嫺、陳冠邦（2020）。流體化床技術。科學發展期刊，569，16-20。

錢建嵩（主編）（1992）。流體化床技術。臺北：高立圖書有限公司。