目前，社群網站已經受到很多的關注，社群網站提供一個個人化的資訊傳播平台分享個人訊息給朋友。一些社群網站，例如：推特、Google+、臉書等等，吸引大量的使用者分享資訊與互相討論。臉書是目前世界上最受歡迎的社交網站，臉書提供一個互動式平台讓使用者可以聯繫朋友與其他社群團體，並且可以發表大量的照片、影片與連結網站。進一步，臉書的使用者可以從各種不同的管道獲得大量資訊去建構他們的知識。一些研究探查臉書的使用經驗與強化他們社交互動的有效性，特別是在教育領域。然而，目前僅少量研究開發數位化學習平台去連接社群網站的一些特點與功能，例如，追蹤學習者的學習經歷或是個人化輪廓，以幫助學生提升他們的學習成效。本研究提出一個結合臉書社群網站之多用途的數位化學習平台在一些特定功能的數位學習推薦系統，根據學習者的個人需求在其學習過程中，尋找出適合的學習教材、學習夥伴或群組成員。在這個數位學習系統中，一個蜜蜂群聚演算法被用來優化這些提出的推薦方法，而我們也透過系統模擬與實驗研究進一步評估所提出系統的實施成效。實驗結果指出，此系統的實施成效確實較傳統方法為佳，並且提升了整體的執行效率與準確性。

Social networking sites, which provide a platform for sharing information with friends, have recently received a lot of attention from both users and academics. Facebook is currently the most popular social networking site in the world, and enables users to keep in contact with friends and other social groups, as well as share photos, videos, and links. Although several studies have investigated the use of Facebook for educational purposes, few have developed e-learning platforms that connect some of the features or functions of social networking sites, such as tracking learning experiences or producing personalized profiles, to help students enhance their learning. This study thus proposes a multi-purpose e-learning platform for use with Facebook, which includes some specific functional e-learning recommendation functions that can meet the needs of individual learners with regard to searching for suitable learning materials, learning companions, or group members. An artificial bee colony algorithm is used to optimize these recommendation functions on the e-learning system, and the system is tested using some experiments. The results indicate that the approach proposed in this work is superior to other schemes, and can improve both the effectiveness and accuracy of the e-learning system.

Blattner, G., & Fiori, M. (2009). Facebook in the language classroom: Promises and possibilities. International Journal of Instructional Technology and Distance Learning, 6(1), 17–28.
Bosch, T. E. (2009). Using online social networking for teaching and learning: Facebook use at the University of Cape Town, Communicatio, 35(2), 185–200.
Boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. (2007). Social network sites: definition, history, and scholarship. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 13(1), 210–230.
Brusilovsky, P. (2001). Adaptive hypermedia. In Alfred Kobsa, (Ed.), User modeling and user adapted interaction. Ten year anniversary issue. (Vol. 11, pp. 87–110).
Chen, C. M., & Hsu, S. H. (2008). Personalized intelligent m-lerning system for supporting effective English learning. Ceducational Technology & Society, 11(3), 153–180.
Cheung, C. M. K., Chiu, P. Y., & Lee, M. K. O. (2011). Online social networks: why do students use Facebook?. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(4), 1337–1343.
Cheung, C. M. K., & Lee, M. K. O. (2010). A theoretical model of intentional social action in online social networks. Decision Support Systems, 49(1), 24–30.
Chiu, M. M. (2000). Group problem solving processes: Social interactions and individual actions. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior, 30(1), 26–49.
Chiu, C. H., & Hsiao, H. F. (2010). Group differences in computer supported collaborative learning: Evidence from patterns of Taiwanese students’ online communication. Computers & Education, 54(2), 427–435.
Chou, L. D., Chang, Y. J., Yang, J. Y., & Peng, W. S. (2011). Knowledge management system for social network services. Journal of Internet Technology, 12(1), 139–151.
Correa, T., Hinsley, A. W., & de Zuniga, H. G. (2010). Who interacts on the web? The intersection of users’ personality and social media use. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(2), 247–253.
Cox, M. D., & Myerscough, M. R. (2003). A flexible model of foraging by a honey bee colony: The effects of individual behaviour on foraging success. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 223(2), 179–197.
Cuéllar, M. P., Delgado, M., & Pegalajar, M. C. (2011). Improving learning management through semantic web and social networks in e-learning environments. Expert Systems with Applications, 38(4), 4181–4189.
Davis, F. D. (1989). Perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, and user acceptance of information technoloyg. MIS Quarterly, 13(3), 391–340.
Dillenbourg, P. (1999). Collaborative learning: Cognitive and computational approaches (1 ed.). New York: Elsevier Science.
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook "friends:" Social capital and college students' use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), 1143–1168.
Facebook. (2011). Statistics of Facebook. December 20, 2011, http://www.facebook.com/press/info.php?statistics
Falchikov, N. (2001). Learning together: Peer tutoring in higher education (1 ed.). London: Routledge Falmer.
Fischer, F., Kollar, I., Haake, J. M., & Mandl, H. (2006). Perspectives on collaboration scripts. In F. Fischer, I. Kollar, H. Mandl, & J. M. Haake (Eds.), Scripting computer-supported collaborative learning. Cognitive, computational and educational perspectives (pp. 1–10). Berlin: Springer.
Garrison, D. R., & Kanuka, H. (2004). Blended learning: Uncovering its transformative potential in higher education. The Internet and Higher Education, 7(2), 95–105.
Graham, C. R., & Misanchuk, M. (2004). Computer-mediated learning groups: Benefits and challenges to using groupwork in online learning environments. In T. S. Roberts (Ed.), Online collaborative learning: Theory and practice (pp. 181–202). Hershey, PA: Information Science.
Hsu, C. C., Chen, H. C., Huang, K. H., Huang, K. K., & Huang, Y. M. (in press). The development of an adaptive group composition system on Facebook for collaborative learning using an artificial bee colony algorithm. Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences.
Hsu, C. C., Chen, H. C., Huang, K. K., & Huang, Y. M. (2012). A personalized auxiliary material recommendation system based on learning style on Facebook applying an artificial bee colony algorithm. Computers & Mathematics with Applications, 64(5), 1506–1513.
Hsu, C. C., Chen, H. C., Su, Y. N., Huang, K. K., & Huang, Y. M. (2012). Developing a reading concentration monitoring system by applying an artificial bee colony algorithm to E-Books in an intelligent classroom. Sensors, 12(10), 14158–14178.
Hsu, C. K., Hwang, G. J., & Chang, C. K. (2010). Development a reading material recommendation system based on a knowledge engineering approach. Computers & Education, 55(1), 76–83.
Hsu, Y. C. (1999). Evaluation theory in problem-based learning approach. Papers presented at the National Convention of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology (21st, Houston, TX, February 10-14, 1999) (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 634 148).
Huang, J. J. S., Yang, S. J. H., Huang, Y. M., & Hsiao, I. Y. T. (2010). Social learning networks: build mobile learning networks based on collaborative services. Educational Technology & Society, 13(3), 78–92.
Huang, T. C., Huang, Y. M., & Yu, F. Y. (2011). Cooperative weblog learning in higher education: Its facilitating effects on social interaction, time lag, and cognitive load. Educational Technology & Society, 14(1), 95-106.
Huang, Y. M., & Liu, C. H. (2009). Applying adaptive swarm intelligence technology with structuration in web-based collaborative learning. Computers & Education, 52(4), 789–799.
Huang, Y. M., Chiu, P. S., Liu, T. C., & Chen, T. S. (2011). The design and implementation of a meaningful learning-based evaluation method for ubiquitous learning. Computers & Education, 57(4), 2291–2302.
Huang, Y. M., Huang, T. C., & Hsieh M. Y. (2008). Using annotation services in a ubiquitous Jigsaw cooperative learning environment. Educational Technology & Society, 11(2), 3–15.
Huang, Y. M., Huang, Y. M., Huang, S. H., & Lin, Y. T. (2012). A ubiquitous English vocabulary learning system: Evidence of active/passive attitudes vs. usefulness/ease-of-use. Computers & Education, 58(1), 273–282.
Huang, Y. M., Kuo, Y. H., Lin, Y. T., & Cheng, S. C. (2008). Toward interactive mobile synchronous learning environment with context-awareness service. Computers & Education, 51(3), 1205–1226.
Huang, Y. M., Lin, Y. T., & Cheng, S. C. (2010). Effectiveness of a Mobile Plant Learning System in a science curriculum in Taiwanese elementary education. Computers & Education, 54(1), 47–58.
Huang, Y. M., & Wu, T. T. (2011). A systematic approach for learner group composition utilizing u-learning portfolio. Educational Technology & Society, 14(3), 102–117.
Hwang, J. P., Hsu, C. C., Chen, H. C., Liu, M. C., & Huang, Y. M. (2012). Design of a learning companion recommendation system based on learning style on Facebook using an artificial bee colony algorithm. Journal of Internet Technology, 13(5), 817–826.
Hwang, G. J., & Chang, H. F. (2011). A formative assessment-based mobile learning approach to improving the learning attitudes and achievements of students. Computers & Education, 56(4), 65–79.
Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (1999). Learning together and alone: Cooperative, competitive, and individualistic learning (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Kabilan, M. K., Ahmad, N., & Abidin, M. J. Z. (2010). Facebook: An online environment for learning of English in institutions of higher education?. The Internet and Higher Education, 13(4), 179–187.
Karaboga, D. (2005). An idea based on honey bee swarm for numerical optimization. Technical Report, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Türkiye.
Karaboga, D., & Akay, B. (2009). A comparative study of artificial bee colony algorithm. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 214(1), 108–132.
Karaboga, D. & Basturk, B. (2007). A powerful and efficient algorithm for numerical function optimization: artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm. Journal of Global Optimization, 39(3), 459–471.
Karaboga, D., & Basturk, B. (2008). On the performance of artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm. Applied Soft Computing, 8(1), 687–697.
Karaboga, N. (2009). A new design method based on artificial bee colony algorithm for digital IIR filters. Journal of the Franklin Institute, 346(4), 328–348.
Kolbitsch, J., & Maurer, H. (2006). The transformation of the Web: How emerging communities shape the information we consume. Journal of Universal Computer Science, 12(2), 187–213.
Kuo, R., Hsu, C. K., Chang M., & Heh, J. S. (2011). A personalized webpage reconstructor based on concept lattice and association rules. Journal of Internet Technology, 12(6), 1015–1024.
Lampe, C., Ellison, N., & Steinfield, C. (2006). A face(book) in the crowd: social searching vs. social browsing. In Proceeding of the 2006 20th anniversary conference on computer supported cooperative work (CSCW '06) (pp. 167–170), Banff, Alberta, Canada.
Li, C., & Bernoff, J. (2008). Groundswell: Winning in a world transformed by social technologies. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press.
Lin, Y. T., Huang, Y. M., & Cheng, S. C. (2010). An automatic group composition system for composing collaborative learning groups using enhanced particle swarm optimization. Computers & Education, 55(4), 1483–1493.
Lin, Y. C., Lin, Y. T., & Huang, Y. M. (2011). Development of a diagnostic system using a testing-based approach for strengthening student prior knowledge. Computers & Education, 57(2), 1557–1570.
Liu, F. & Lee, H. J. (2010). Use of social network information to enhance collaborative filtering performance. Expert Systems with Applications, 37(7), 4772–4778.
Manouselis, N., & Sampson, D. (2002). Dynamic knowledge route selection for personalized learning environments using multiple criteria. In Proceedings of the IASTED international conference on applied informatics (pp. 351–605), Innsbruck, Austria.
Martin, E., & Pareders, P. (2004). Using learning styles for dynamic group formation in adaptive collaborative hypermedia systems. In Proceedings of the workshops in connection with 4th international conference on web engineering (ICWE ’04) (pp. 188–197), Munich, Germany.
Matney, M., & Borland, K. (2009). Facebook, blogs, tweets: how staff and units can use social networking to enhance student learning. Presentation at the annual meeting of the National Association for Student Personnel Administrators, Seattle, WA.
Mayfield, R. (2005). Social networks dynamics and participatory politics. In J. Lebkowsky & M. Ratcliffe (Eds.), Extreme democracy (pp. 116–132). LaVergne, Tennessee: Lightning Source.
May, M., & Kwong, K. H. (2007). YHOO: Yahoo! may regret not paying up for Facebook. April 4, 2007, http://pmarca.typepad.com/files/needham_facebook_yahoo_report.pdf
Mazman, S. G., & Usluel Y. K. (2010). Modeling educational usage of Facebook. Computers & Education, 55(2), 444–453.
McLoughlin, C., & Marshall, L. (2000). Scaffolding: A model for learner support in an online teaching environment. In A. Herman and M.M. Kulski (Eds), Flexible Futures in Tertiary Teaching. Proceedings of the 9th Annual Teaching Learning Forum, 2-4 February 2000. Perth: Curtin University of Technology.
Meyer, D. (2009). Optassin – A web-based tool assigning students to groups. Computers & Education, 53(4), 1104–1119.
Michaelsen, L. K., Knight, A. B., & Fink, L. D. (2004). Team-based learning: A transformative use of small groups in college teaching. Sterling, VA: Stylus Publishing.
Michalsky, T., Zion, M., & Mevarech, Z. R. (2007). Developing students’ metacognitive awareness in asynchronous learning networks in comparison to face-to-face discussion groups. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 36(4), 395–424.
Miller, D. (2011). Tales from Facebook. Cambridge: Polity.
Miller, L. M. (2005). Using learning styles to evaluate computer-based instruction. Computers in Human Behavior, 21(2), 287–306.
Ophus, J. D., & Abbitt, J. T. (2009). Exploring the potential perceptions of social networking systems in university courses. Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 5(4), 639–648.
O'Reilly, T. (2005). What Is Web 2.0?. September 30, 2005, http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-web-20.html
O'Reilly, T. (2007). What Is web 2.0: Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software. International Journal of Digital Economics, 65, 17–37.
Paek, T., Gamon, M., Counts, S., Chickering, M. D., & Dhesi, A. (2010). Predicting the importance of newsfeed posts and social network friends. In Proceeding of the twenty-fourth AAAI conference on artificial intelligence (AAAI-10) (pp. 1419–1424), Atlanta, Georgia, USA,.
Pempek, T. A., Yermolayeva, Y. A., & Calvert, S. L. (2009). College students’ social networking experiences on Facebook. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 30(3), 227–238.
Pfeil, U., Arjan, R., & Zaphiris, P. (2009). Age differences in online social networking: A study of user profiles and the social capital divide among teenagers and older users in MySpace. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(3), 643–654.
Powell, J. (2009). 33 Million people in the room: How to create, influence, and run a successful business with social networking. NJ: FT Press.
Rau, P. L. P., Gao, Q., & Ding, Y. (2008). Relationship between the level of intimacy and lurking in online social network services. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(6), 2757–2770.
Roblyer, M., McDaniel, M., Webb, M., Herman, J., & Witty, J. V. (2010). Findings on Facebook in higher education: A comparison of college faculty and student uses and perceptions of social networking sites. The Internet and Higher Education, 13(3), 134–140.
Schellens, T., & Valcke, M. (2005). Collaborative learning in asynchronous discussion groups: what about the impact on cognitive processing?. Computers in Human Behavior, 21(6), 957–975
Schwartz, H. (2009). Facebook: The new classroom commons?. Chronicle of Higher Education, 56(6), B12–B13.
Sheldon, P. (2008). Student favorite: Facebook and motives for its use, Southwestern Journal of Mass Communication, 23(2), 39–53.
Sledgianowski, D., & Kulviwat, S. (2009). Using social network sites: The effects of playfulness, critical mass and trust in a hedonic context. Journal of Computer Information Systems, 49(4), 74–83.
Solimeno, A., Mebane, M. E., Tomai, M., & Francescato, D. (2008). The influence students and teachers characteristics on the efficacy of face-to-face and computer supported collaborative learning. Computers & Education, 51(1), 109–128.
Stern, L. A., & Taylor, K. (2007). Social networking on facebook, Journal of Communication. Speech & Theatre Association of North Dakota, 20, 9–20.
Su, A. Y. S., Yang, S. J. H., Hwang, W. Y., & Zhang, J. (2010). A web 2.0-based collaborative annotation system for enhancing knowledge sharing in collaborative learning environments. Computers & Education, 55(2), 752–766.
Sun, P. C., Cheng, H., Lin, T. C., & Wang, J. (2008). A design to promote group learning in e-learning. Computers & Education, 50(3), 661–677.
Tapscott, D. (2008). Grown up digital: How the next generation is changing your world. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Tsai, P. W., Pan, J. S., Liao, B. Y., & Chu, S. C. (2009). Enhanced artificial bee colony optimization. International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control, 5(12), 5081–5092.
Urista, M. A., Dong, Q., & Day, K. D. (2009). Explaining why young adults use MySpace and Facebook through uses and gratifications theory. Human Communication, 12(2), 215–229.
Van House, N. A. (2011). Feminist HCI meets facebook: Performativity and social networking sites. Interacting with Computers, 23(5), 422–429.
Zhang, L., Ayres, P., & Chan, K. K. (2011). Examining different types of collaborative lerning in a complex computer-based environment: A cognitive load approach. Computers in Human Behavior, 27(1), 94–98.
Zhao, S., Grasmuck, S., & Martin, J. (2008). Identity construction on Facebook: digital empowerment in anchored relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(5), 1816–1836.
Zurita, G., Nussbaum, M., & Salinas, R. (2005). Dynamic grouping in collaborative learning supported by wireless handhelds. Educational Technology & Society, 8(3), 149–161.