金‧紐曼的《德古拉元年》（1992年初版）改寫自伯蘭‧史杜克的《德古拉》（1897年初版）故事情節，描述了德古拉打敗凡赫辛一行人並佔領英國後的情況。故事中，在德古拉的統治之下，吸血變異在英國流行興起，不僅在生物學上作為一種人類演化的象徵，也隱喻了社會各層面因應時代轉變所呈現的反應。一方面，倫敦東區的貧民窟狀況依舊每況愈下，似乎暗指吸血變異加深歷來的衰退意象。另一方面，也開始有人試圖證明吸血變異帶來人類文明進步的可能性，如小說中的傑奇博士與莫羅博士一般。總之，《德古拉元年》重新標誌十九世紀晚期也是二十世紀晚期的現象，整體社會在嶄新事物的逐漸興盛下產生焦慮，不知是進步或倒退的表徵。諷刺的是，當故事說到社會大眾批判德古拉政策的實施，似乎小說也暗暗質疑了二十世紀末葉，柴契爾夫人回歸維多利亞精神的倡議。不同於史杜克的是，紐曼透過血脈的探討與其他經典吸血鬼角色介入，呈現不同於《德古拉》的面貌：「吸血變異」不再只被賦予負面意義，從生物學出發，新氣象風貌的多樣性給予了更多元的社會想像空間與願景，標誌了二十世紀末對相似社會動盪採取的相對積極意義上的回應。論文從達爾文演化論角度出發，探討金‧紐曼《德古拉元年》中吸血鬼勢力在英國社會興起所引發對上述進步與衰退的思辯。整個討論將分別從文化歷史、生物學與政治社會學三個面向討論，重啟對優生學概念的詮釋。

Adapted from Bram Stoker’s "Dracula" (1897), Kim Newman’s "Anno Dracula" (1992) represents an alternative history of late 19th century England where Dracula would defeat the Van Helsing group and rule over the whole nation. In the novel, Dracula’s reign leads to spread of vampirism in the whole society, which not only signals a biological evolution of human beings but also symbolizes the emergence of the “new order of beings” that Van Helsing imagines in the original "Dracula" (Stoker 352). On the one hand, the worsening conditions in the slum of East London seem to suggest a regressive effect of vampirism. On the other hand, there are also some trying to prove its progressivity, such as Dr. Jekyll and Dr. Moreau. Whichever position is taken, it suggests a sense of anxiety about the dual possibility of progress and degeneration in the late 19th century in face of “an era of new beginnings” (Marshall 5). Ironically, in the novel there also seems to be a hint of indirect questioning of Madame Thatcher’s calls for a return to the “Victorian values”. With the overlapping images of the two 80s, Newman also provides a historical reflection on the late 20th century English conditions through an imaginative representation of the late 19th century. In this thesis, based on Darwinian evolutionary theory, I am going to look into the changes that vampirism as a symbol of biological and social evolution brings into the English society and discuss the debate about progress and degeneration in Kim Newman’s "Anno Dracula". By returning to a re-interpretation of eugenics, the whole discussion will proceed from cultural-historical, biological and socio-political perspectives.

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