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研究生: 林家慶
Lin, Jia-Ching
論文名稱: 連續退火線加熱爐預熱區鋼帶溫度分佈分析
Strip Temperature Distribution Analysis in the Preheating Zone of Continuous Annealing Line
指導教授: 陳鐵城
Chen, Tei-Chen
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 工學院 - 機械工程學系
Department of Mechanical Engineering
論文出版年: 2007
畢業學年度: 95
語文別: 中文
論文頁數: 125
中文關鍵詞: 有限元素分析預熱區退火線
外文關鍵詞: annealing line, preheating zone, finite element analysis
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  • 經由連續退火線(Continuous Annealing Line,簡稱CAL)製程後的鋼帶於沖製成鋼片時,其邊緣會產生翹曲的情形;並且沖製面積越大,其翹曲的情況越嚴重。鋼帶翹曲現象與殘留應力分佈不均有關,其原因應與鋼帶在通過爐輥時產生的彎曲應力和鋼帶寬度方向溫度分佈有關。
    CAL內有許多工作區域,本論文則是研究其第一個區段─預熱區,並且致力於鋼帶寬度方向溫度分佈分析。因爐內溫度高且環境複雜,難以在內部進行實驗,所以使用有限元素分析軟體ANSYS,分析爐內加熱環境對鋼帶溫度分佈的影響。
    以往關於退火爐熱傳分析的文獻中,通常忽略爐輥對鋼帶溫度的影響,而本論文則是把爐輥的效應考慮進來。模擬結果顯示,雖然鋼帶通過爐輥的時間很短,但是因著接觸熱阻小且鋼帶厚度薄,所以會造成溫度急遽上升。在預熱區內,鋼帶張力尚無法讓鋼帶兩側接觸到爐輥,因此造成鋼帶寬度方向溫度分佈不均勻,這與實際的情形符合。
    完成鋼帶在預熱區內的溫度分佈分析後,下一步便可進行熱應力分析。研究其通過爐輥時所產生的彎曲應力,以及提供減緩殘留應力之最適化條件。

    When the steel strips after continuous annealing line (CAL) process are cut into pieces, the edges will bow. And the larger the strip sheet has been cut, the more serious the strip bows. The phenomenon of strip bow is related to the non-uniform residual stress distribution of steel strip, which should have something to do with the bending stress when the strip passes through rollers and the temperature distribution of strip in width.
    CAL consists of many zones, while this paper only investigates the distribution of strip temperature along the width of the first zone - preheating zone. Because of the high temperature and complicated environment in a furnace, it is difficult to do experiments inside. Therefore this paper makes use of the finite element analysis software ANSYS to analyze the effect of heating conditions in a furnace upon the temperature distribution of strip.
    Most of papers concerning heat transfer analysis of annealing furnaces neglected the effect of rollers upon strip temperature. In this paper we take the effect of rollers into consideration. The simulation result reveals that, although the time for a strip passing through rollers is short, the temperature of strip still rapidly goes up due to small contact thermal resistance and thin thickness. In the preheating zone, the strip tension is not big enough to enable the edges of strip to contact rollers and therefore results in non-uniform temperature distribution of strip in width - this phenomenon is in agreement with the actual situation.
    After complete the strip temperature distribution analysis in preheating zone, a thermal stress analysis can proceed in the next step to analyze the bending stress when the strip passes through rollers, and then provides the optimal conditions to reduce the residual stress.

    摘要 I Abstract II 目錄 III 表目錄 VIII 圖目錄 IX 符號說明 XIII 第一章 緒論.......................................1 1.1 研究動機.................................1 1.2 翹曲發生原因.............................1 1.3 研究目標.................................2 1.4 本文成果.................................2 1.5 論文架構.................................2 第二章 直立式退火爐簡介與研究方法.................5 2.1. 直立式退火爐簡介.........................5 2.1.1. 連續退火線發展概況 .......................5 2.1.2. 連續退火線生產概況 .......................5 2.1.3. 爐輥的形狀...............................6 2.1.4. 張力系統.................................7 2.1.5. 衍生問題.................................9 2.2. 文獻探討.................................9 2.2.1 影響熱挫曲之因素........................10 2.2.2 退火爐熱場分析..........................12 2.2.3 鋼帶溫度分佈............................12 2.3. 研究策略與理論分析方法..................14 第三章 相關理論..................................20 3.1. 熱傳遞理論..............................20 3.1.1. 熱傳導與熱對流..........................20 3.1.2. 熱輻射..................................21 3.1.2.1. 簡介....................................22 3.1.2.2. 克西荷夫定律(Kirchhoff's law)...........22 3.1.2.3. 物體間的熱輻射..........................25 3.1.2.4. 熱輻射簡化..............................26 3.1.3. 接觸熱阻................................27 3.1.4. 暫態熱傳數值解..........................30 3.2. 有限元素分析理論........................34 3.2.1 熱傳遞有限元素分析 ......................34 第四章 有限元素模型建構與驗證....................39 4.1. ANSYS簡介...............................40 4.2. 接觸壓力模型建立........................40 4.2.1. 相關文獻中的有限元素模型................40 4.2.2. 模型建立與測試..........................44 4.2.2.1. 模型一的建立............................44 4.2.2.2. 模型二的建立............................50 4.2.2.3. 模型三的建立............................55 4.2.3. 一階元素與二階元素的比較................56 4.2.4. 網格最適大小............................58 4.2.5. 向心力的影響............................62 4.3. 爐輥表面溫度模型建立....................62 4.3.2. 爐輥表面溫度模型........................66 4.3.3. 爐輥轉速對溫度的影響....................67 4.3.4. 與三維模型的比較........................70 4.4. 鋼帶熱傳模型............................74 4.4.1. 有限元素模型............................74 4.4.2. 熱對流與熱輻射係數之逆算................75 4.4.3. 預熱區內之鋼帶歷程簡介..................77 4.4.4. 負載與邊界條件..........................78 4.5. 模型建構結語............................82 第五章 模擬結果與討論............................86 5.1. 接觸壓力與接觸熱阻 ......................86 5.1.1. 鋼帶機械性質............................86 5.1.2. 爐輥與鋼帶尺寸..........................86 5.1.3. 不同溫度下的接觸壓力分佈................87 5.1.4. 接觸壓力遽降現象討論....................90 5.2. 爐輥表面溫度............................94 5.2.1. 爐輥表面放射率與爐內熱對流係數..........94 5.2.2. 鋼帶經過爐輥之溫度 ......................95 5.2.3. 爐輥相關熱傳參數整理....................95 5.2.4. 結果....................................96 5.3. 鋼帶熱傳分析............................97 5.3.1. 鋼帶溫度分佈............................97 5.3.2. 鋼帶溫度變化歷程.......................103 5.3.3. 鋼帶溫度遽升原因.......................104 5.3.4. 建議解決方法...........................105 第六章 結果討論與未來工作.......................106 6.1. 結果討論...............................106 6.2. 未來工作...............................108 參考文獻........................................109 附 錄:彈塑性力學理論...........................112 A.1 Haigh-Westergaard 應力空間.............112 A.2 降伏準則 (Yielding criterion)..........115 A.2.1. Tresca降伏準則.........................115 A.2.2. von Mises降伏準則......................117 A.3 負載面(Loading surface)................119 A.4 硬化法則(Hardening rules)..............120 A.4.1. 等向型加工硬化 (Isotropic hardening)...120 A.4.2. 運動型加工硬化 (Kinematic hardening)...121 A.4.3. 混合型加工硬化 (Mixed hardening).......124 自述............................................125

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