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研究生：	洪煌凱 Hung, Huang-Kai
論文名稱：	台灣GPS連續觀測站之時間序列噪訊分析及其在地震學之應用 Time series noise analysis of the Taiwan continuous GPS stations and GPS applications on Seismology in Taiwan
指導教授：	饒瑞鈞 Rau, Ruey-Juin
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	理學院 - 地球科學系 Department of Earth Sciences
論文出版年：	2013
畢業學年度：	101
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	87
中文關鍵詞：	GPS連續站
外文關鍵詞：	continuous GPS station
相關次數：	點閱：46 下載：3
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為了加強了解台灣複雜之發震構造特性與台灣區域坐標框架之建立，近二十年來於台灣(含外島)共架設了近400個GPS連續站。這些連續站資料經整合後之高密度GPS連續資料陣列對於用來研究地表下之構造與斷層特性將能提供高空間解析力之地表位移資訊。因此，本研究蒐集、解算及分析台灣之高密度GPS連續資料陣列，獲得每站每日之地表位移成果，並探討其誤差特性及意義。此外，針對提供高頻連續資料之觀測站(超過200個)，在大地震發生之時段求得單一時刻之位移，用來獲取真實之地表地震波形，用以輔助或補償地震儀之資料。研究結果顯示，台灣之GPS連續站位移序列之雜訊特性主要控制在於台灣之水文、地下地質構造及基座型式之因素。此外，經高密度之高頻GPS位移成果顯示台灣之高頻GPS密集觀測網可應用於地震規模大於6之遠場與近場之表面波觀測。未來若能對此高密度GPS觀測網資料進行即時整合與分析，將能對台灣因地震、豪雨所造成的地表變形與地震波震幅快速估計，進而達到防災減災之目的。

There are nearly four hundred continuous GPS (CGPS) stations in Taiwan for the better understanding of the seismogenesis, complicated tectonic structures and the improvement of the establishment of the coordinate reference frame in Taiwan. The measurements of this dense array are capable of providing precise surface deformations in high spatial resolution for the investigations of the structure and fault characteristics. We estimated and analyzed the daily position time series for all the CGPS stations in Taiwan to study their noise characteristics and deformation features. Moreover, there are also about two hundred CGPS stations available for high sampling rate of 1-Hz interval (called high-rate CGPS stations) among the Taiwan CGPS array. We use the high-rate CGPS observations to derive the epoch-by-epoch positions for the seismic waveforms and coseismic deformation during large earthquakes to compensate the effects of clipping or saturation on the seismographs. The results show that the patterns of the CGPS noise characteristics are significantly different at various areas of Taiwan, and appear to be influenced by regional hydrological loading, underground structure, and the types of monuments. On the other hand, the motions generated by the high-rate CGPS indicate that the waveforms are capable of detecting earthquakes with magnitude greater than six.

Abstract	i
摘要	ii
致謝	iii　
Contents	iii
List of Tables	vii
List of Figures	vii

Chapter 1 
Introduction.........................................................................................................................1
Chapter 2 
Seasonal noises of CGPS position time series in Taiwan...............................................3 
2.1 Introduction...........................................................................................................3 
2.2 Introduction and collections of GPS data.............................................................4
2.3 Data processing and analysis................................................................................4
2.4 Results...................................................................................................................5 
2.5 Discussion ............................................................................................................7 
2.6 Conclusions...........................................................................................................8 
Chapter 3 
Noises of CGPS daily position time series from various monuments in Taiwan……27 
3.1 Introduction.........................................................................................................27 
3.2 Data and methods............................................................................................... 28 
3.3 Results.................................................................................................................29 
3.4 Discussion ..........................................................................................................30 
3.5 Conclusions.........................................................................................................31 
Chapter 4 
Ground motions derived from high-rate GPS for the 2010 ML 6.4 Jiashian, Taiwan, earthquake.......................................................................................................................38 
4.1 Introduction........................................................................................................38 
4.2 Data and methods...............................................................................................39 
4.3 Results................................................................................................................40 
4.4 Discussion .........................................................................................................41 
4.5 Conclusions........................................................................................................42 
Chapter 5 
Surface waves of the 2011 Tohoku earthquake: Observations of Taiwan's dense high-rate GPS network…………………………………………………………………49
5.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................49 
5.2 Data collections.................................................................................................50 
5.3 Data processing.................................................................................................51 
5.4 Analyses and results..........................................................................................52 
5.5 Discussion ........................................................................................................56 
5.6 Conclusions.......................................................................................................58 
Chapter 6
Conclusions.....................................................................................................................76 
Appendix A.....................................................................................................................78
Appendix B.....................................................................................................................79
Bibliography ..................................................................................................................80
 

List of Tables
Table 3-1	The descriptions of the different types of the monument in Taiwan	36
Table 3-2	The spectral index and noise amplitudes in different type of the monuments	37
Table 4-1	Averages and standard deviations of the CGPS position time series after applying the MSF and SP filterings	48
Table 5-1	Information of CGPS-BB co-located stations	75

List of Figures
Fig. 1-1 	Locations of the continuous GPS stations in Taiwan.	2
Fig. 2 1 	Locations of the continuous GPS stations in Taiwan and neighboring islands used in this study.	9
Fig. 2 2 	Statistical histogram of building time and number of continuous GPS stations.	10
Fig. 2 3 	Statistical histogram of weighted root mean square (WRMS) for all position time series of CGPS stations in Taiwan in all 3 components	10
Fig. 2 4(a) 	Phasor diagram of annual signals	11
Fig. 2 4(b) 	Phasor diagram of semi-annual signals	12
Fig. 2 5 	Annual periodic signals in north component.	13
Fig. 2 6 	Annual periodic signals in east component	14
Fig. 2 7 	Annual periodic signals in up component	15
Fig. 2 8 	Semi-annual periodic signals in north component.	16
Fig. 2 9 	Semi-annual periodic signals in north component.	17
Fig. 2 10 	Semi-annual periodic signals in up component.	18
Fig. 2-11(a) 	Seasonal horizontal amplitudes in Taiwan.	19
Fig. 2-11(b) 	Seasonal vertical amplitudes in Taiwan	20
Fig. 2-11(c) 	Seasonal amplitudes in Taiwan	21
Fig. 2-12 	CGPS vertical displacements in western plain and the comparison with the groundwater level.	22
Fig. 2 13	CGPS vertical displacements in Pingtung plain in southwestern Taiwan and the comparison with the groundwater level	22
Fig. 2 14 	CGPS horizontal displacements (E, N) in Pingtung plain in southwestern Taiwan and the data of corresponding groundwater level	23
Fig. 2-15	Areal strain, vertical displacements, and groundwater level changing in the Pingtung plain	24
Fig. 2-16 	CGPS displacements in eastern Taiwan in east-west component	25
Fig. 2-17 CGPS displacements in east-west component, rain fall data, and groundwater level changing in eastern Taiwan	26
Fig. 3-1 	Locations of CGPS stations in Taiwan and surrounding islands	31
Fig. 3-2 	Pictures of the various monuments in Taiwan	32
Fig. 3-3	Amplitudes and phase vectors of annual displacement variations in various monument types.	33
Fig. 3-3 	Amplitudes and phase vectors of annual displacement variations in various monument types (continued)	34
Fig. 3-4	Seasonal displacements at CGPS stations equipped with the monument of 1-pod roof	35
Fig. 3-5	Sketch figure of the seasonal motions due to the un-uniform of expansion and contraction from the temperature variations on summer and winter	36
Fig. 4-1 	Distribution of high-rate CGPS stations surrounding the epicenter of the Jiashian earthquake	42
Fig. 4-2 	Position time series of stations CISH and MLO1 in 1000 seconds before the earthquake origin time	43
Fig. 4-3 	Power spectral density (PSD) of the position time series of station CISH and MLO1	44
Fig. 4-4 	Position time series obtaining by the high-rate CGPS measurements of station CISH and MLO1 during the time period of the earthquake happening	44
Fig. 4-5 	Displacement time series of high-rate CGPS and co-located accelerometers	45
Fig. 4-6 	PSD of the position time series of station CISH, LGUE, and SCES for both the GPS and seismic observations	46
Fig. 4-7 	Coseismic deformations generated from static daily positions and kinematic positioning	47
Fig. 4-8	CGPS displacement time series on the north and east components	47
Fig. 4-9	Displacement of high-rate CGPS from 4-48 second after the origin time of Jiashian earthquake.	48
Fig. 5-1	Map of locations of 210 high-rate continuous GPS stations and 15 BATS broadband seismic stations.	60
Fig. 5-2	High-rate GPS position time series estimated from 5400 epochs prior to the Tohoku event.	61
Fig. 5-3	High-rate GPS position time series estimated from 5400 epochs prior to the Tohoku event in the east component	62
Fig. 5-4	Unfiltered displacement time series for CGPS sites and broadband seismometers during Tohoku earthquake in the east-west component.	63
Fig. 5-5	Amplitude spectrums for all three components of ground motions at GPS stations and broadband seismic stations	64
Fig. 5-6	Band-pass filtered displacement time series for eight co-located pairs of CGPS and broadband seismometer during the Tohoku earthquake	65
Fig. 5-7	Position time series of CGPS station GS19 in radial and transverse components, respectively at 500-1000 seconds after the Tohoku earthquake	66
Fig. 5-8	Position time series and particle motions for CGPS station GS19 in radial and vertical components	67
Fig. 5-9	Displacement field in Taiwan attributed to seismic waves of the Tohoku earthquake generated from the combination of high-rate GPS and broadband seismic observations	68
Fig. 5-10	Displacements time series generated from 156 high-rate CGPS stations and 15 broadband seismic observations in Taiwan during the Tohoku earthquake	69
Fig. 5-11	Displacement time series generated from 156 high-rate CGPS stations and 15 broadband seismic observations in Taiwan during the Tohoku earthquake.	70
Fig. 5-12	Distribution of maximum peak-to-peak amplitude of the Rayleigh waves and  Love waves	71
Fig. 5-13	The relationship between the epicentral distance and the peak-to-peak amplitude in the Rayleigh and Love waves	71

Fig. 5-14 Distribution of maximum peak-to-peak amplitude of the later phases observed for each CGPS station	72
Fig. 5-15	Map of the Taiwan region showing the amplitude variations of the later phases  overlap with the Mesozoic basement depth contour in western Taiwan	73
Fig. 5-16	Displacement time series generated from 156 high-rate CGPS stations and 15 broadband seismic observations in Taiwan during the Mw 7.9 earthquake	74
Fig. 5-17	Displacement time series generated from 156 high-rate CGPS stations and 15 broadband seismic observations in Taiwan during the Mw 7.9 earthquake	75
                                    

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