紊流調制(turbulence modulation)為發生在多相流中的一種交互作用，簡單來說，紊流調制乃因負載顆粒的運動與紊流場的渦流擾動不一致而產生連續相結構改變的調整作用，用以描述二相之間的紊流增減，有別於傳統上大多以紊流強度作為紊流變化的指標。本研究使用了一種創新的實驗設計：將單粒徑液滴投入一網格紊流場(grid turbulence)，以其狹窄的粒徑分佈特性，並搭配電液動(EHD)的原理來抑制液滴間的碰撞機率，進而形成單粒徑液滴之噴霧流場。使用該技術可精準的控制粒子尺寸與顆粒負載比(loading ratio, LR)，進而能克服在參數控制上的困難。實驗以相差都卜勒粒子分析儀(phase Doppler anemometer)來量測粒子的流場動態資料，數據經處理後，用以分析粒徑大小與顆粒負載比對流場紊流強度及紊流調制量的影響。
結果顯示在觀測粒徑效應時，在LR=1.1x10-3時，投入45μm與60μm液滴後，氣相紊流強度分別增強了20%及9%；在LR=2.3x10-3時，投入80與95μm液滴後，氣相紊流強度分別增強了15%與18%。討論顆粒負載比的影響時，液滴尺寸則固定在60μm，在低顆粒負載時(LR=1.1x10-3到2.3x10-3)，紊流強度由增強9%降成增強3%，至LR=6.4x10-3時，氣相紊流強度被抑制了17%。除了大粒子誘發渦流外，液相紊流強度產生劇烈變化者均發生在高粒子濃度的試驗，可推論較高的粒子濃度增加了粒子相與氣相交換能量的反應面積，進而使紊流場產生紊流調制的效果。透過整合粒子濃度與粒子表面積後，可定義一參數(cp x pi x dp2)，代表著有效的反應面積，在所有的實驗結果當中，紊流強度將隨此參數做一線性的改變，有效的反應面積越大，氣相的紊流強度將被抑制，此也驗證了粒子數量對兩相流研究的重要性。
在紊流調制影響方面，由於紊流調制量的概念新穎，仍尚未被推廣應用，理由之一乃因為後處理的門檻太高，學者需得知每顆粒子的抵達時間、粒徑與速度，以求得彼此間的時間相關性，在極相關的情況下，外插求得<u’p(t)u’g(t+Δτ)>於Δτ=0的值，這些步驟執行起來頗費功夫。故本研究亦著力於降低此限制，透過所提出的交互相關函數圖型最佳化的策略，可有效的取得粒-氣交互相關函數的值，進一步對兩相流的紊流調制量變化做分析。受限於實驗儀器，紊流調制量 將由[<u'pu'g>-<u'pu'g>]來取代，以本實驗而言，大粒子因不易與氣相達成動態平衡，故具有低<u’pu’g>，因在運動上擁有較大的可確定度(deterministic)，故平衡後<u’pu’g>仍會與<u’gu’g>維持一差值；而小粒子則因特徵尺度相近，易與氣相渦流作用而有較高的<u’pu’g>，一維紊流調制量值隨下游發展而逐漸趨近於零，代表著粒子相與液相間的能量已交換完成。而在討論顆粒負載比時，高顆粒負載比代表著高反應面積，將有利於粒子相與氣相之間的能量交換，而產生紊流調制。

Turbulence modulation is an interaction that occurs in the multiphase flow. Essentially, turbulence modulation modulates an inconsistency between loading particle motion and the eddy fluctuation of turbulence flow which will alter the continuous phase structure. It can used to describe turbulence enhancement or suppression between the particle and gas phases, and is distinguished from turbulence intensity which is traditionally an indication of estimated turbulence variation. Here, an innovative experimental method generates a narrow-distribution mono-dispersed droplet stream, with the particle loaded into a homogeneous turbulence. Moreover, the electro-hydrodynamic (EHD) principle was applied to suppress droplet collision and create a dipole spray in the downstream. The particle size and mass loading ratio (LR) can be precisely controlled by the dipole mono-sized spray. This method can improve the drawbacks of previous experiments, specifically that influence on LR of increasing particle sizes. A phase Doppler anemometer (PDA) was used to measure the dynamic information of particle-laden flow (droplets and tracers). Following the acquisition of the particle dynamic data, several post-processes analysed the effects of particle size and LR on turbulence intensity and turbulence modulation through different programming tools.
The experimental results show that loading mono-sized droplets of 45μm and 60μm at LR=1.1x10-3 enhanced single-phase turbulence intensity by 20% and 9%, respectively. On the other hand, loading 80μm and 95μm at LR=2.3x10-3 enhanced turbulence intensity by 15% and 18%, respectively. For the LR effect, three different LRs (LR=1.1x10-3, 2.3x10-3, 6.4x10-3), with a fixed particle size of 60μm, were observed and the result shows that the fluid turbulence intensity varied from 9% to 3% to -17% as the LRs increased in turn. The wakes produced by large particles cause extreme variation of fluid turbulence intensity in higher particle concentrations. It can be supposed that the higher particle concentration increases the reactive area for energy exchange between the particle and gas phase, and has a modulation effect on fluid turbulence. The combined particle concentration cp and particle surface area can be defined as a parameter (cp x pi x dp2) which represents the effective reactive area. The turbulence intensity follows this parameter linearly in the all experiments. In a larger effective reactive area, fluid turbulence intensity is suppressed, indicating that particle density is important to the study of two-phase flows.
Turbulence modulation quantity , was reviewed from the concept of property transport. However, it’s difficult to obtain turbulence modulation quantity from experiment because of the high post-process threshold. To obtain the velocity cross-correlation, researchers need to know the arrival time, size, and velocity of each particle. One of this study’s contributions is that it reduces this limitation by an optimum strategy of a particle-fluid cross-correlation function, allowing the particle-fluid correlation <u’pu’g> to be determined and the further analysis of the variation of turbulence modulation quantity in the two-phase flow. Due to instrument limitations, the turbulence modulation quantity was replaced by [<u’pu’g>-<u’gu’g>]. The experiment results show the larger particles did not easily achieve a dynamic balance in the gas phase, and therefore caused a reduction in <u’pu’g>. Since the larger particles had deterministic characteristics, the [<u’pu’g>-<u’gu’g>] would stay constant after achieving the balance. Since the characteristic scale of smaller particles is closer to one of gas phase, they interact easily with the gas phase eddy and caused a higher <u’pu’g>. The [<u’pu’g>-<u’gu’g>] gradually approaches zero downstream, indicating that the energy exchange is complete. For the LR effect, a higher LR implies a larger reactive area, which would benefit the energy exchange between the particle and gas phases, therefore resulting in turbulence modulation.

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