隨著都市化的發展趨勢，各地人口逐漸往都市移動，為土地資源帶來巨大的壓力，因此人們愈來愈重視土地之垂直發展，一物多權之區分所有建物已成為現今最主要的建物型態，立體空間之權利及使用狀態也日益複雜，傳統二維地籍管理模式已無法應對逐漸複雜之建物型態，因此亟需引入三維地籍(3D Cadastre)之概念來解決相關問題。因應近年國際推動三維地籍之風潮，內政部自98年起與各縣市政府合作推動「多目標地籍圖立體圖資建置計畫」，旨在促進國內三維地籍之發展，其發展層面可分為技術面及管理面。就技術面而言，我國以建物測量成果圖所含之建物平面圖為基礎，透過數化形式獲取向量式之樓層平面圖，再配合建物竣工圖之高程資料進行拉伸，建置為三維地籍建物產權模型。就管理面而言，我國目前已發展出三維地籍建物資料標準之草案及三維地籍系統，三維地籍建物產權模型標準架構係採用開放地理空間協會(Open Geospatial Consortium，簡稱OGC)所發布之城市標記語言(City Geography Markup Language，簡稱CityGML)延伸擴充設計，側重於地籍建物之幾何描述，例如建物可由多種不同類型之牆面組成，並未涵蓋地籍建物對應之權利義務及兩者之間的關聯性。針對前述之問題，本研究將以產權之觀點切入，重新釐清與建物有關之三維空間單元及地籍操作，以土地管理模型(Land Administration Domain Model，簡稱LADM)為框架，透過延伸擴充之方式，設計三維地籍模型標準架構，以提升三維地籍建物之應用範疇。
地籍建物牽涉權利、義務、權利主體及義務主體四大元素。基於地籍建物觀點，建物內部可規劃產權建物、幢、地下、棟、層、主建物及附屬建物等不同語意之三維空間單元，屬於產權觀點之語意模式化成果。因我國係以建號為單位管理及識別建物之產權，故本研究進一步探討建號可對應之空間單元，並統一稱為建號管理單元，主要包含兩種類型，分別是主建物及主建物+附屬建物。基於權利及權利主體觀點，所有權、使用權及抵押權為建物產權交易中最常見之權利，權利主體分別為所有權人、使用權人及抵押權人。基於義務及義務主體觀點，地籍建物常見之義務如繳納房屋稅，可由房屋所有權人或使用權人負責繳納。三維地籍模型標準架構設計之重點為具體涵蓋各類三維空間單元及地籍操作之基本特性，各單元之設計涵蓋識別性、語意與主題屬性、空間性、階層性、空間關係及時間版本等六項考量，再引入國際接受度較高之LADM標準架構，透過繼承延伸之方式，定義我國地籍建物相關法規及操作所描述之空間單元及相關文件記錄，以標準化形式加強三維地籍建物之應用成效。最後實際套用於資料庫管理系統，驗證三維地籍模型標準架構之可操作性及實用性，並結合高雄市政府提供之三維地籍建物產權模型資料，展示地籍資料三維化之成果。由於本研究明確定義了地籍建物相關空間單元，包含產權建物空間單元、幢空間單元、地下空間單元、棟空間單元、層空間單元、建號管理單元、主建物空間單元及附屬建物空間單元，可被視為一種基於建物登記之語意模式化成果，對於建物內部狀態之描述提供物件化之成果，配合測繪技術所建立建物外觀為主之三維建物，可構成更為完整的描述狀態，滿足三維數位城市發展之各類應用需求。除了促進跨域應用外，也可作為各類空間單元之參考，達到空間賦能(Spatial Enabling)之目標，對於我國三維地理資訊之推動具有指標之意義。

With the development trend of urbanization, a clear trend is people are moving to cities, which brings huge pressure on how to effectively use the limited land resources. One important development is the vertical dimension of 3D buildings, which brings various and brand new challenges to the cadastre and GIS. As the traditional 2D cadastre can no longer meet the increasingly complex demands of modelling the various aspects of 3D buildings, it is urgent to introduce the concepts of 3D cadastre to subvert the traditional approach. In recent years, the Ministry of the Interior has been promoting the "Multi-purpose 3D cadastral establishment project" to facilitate the development of 3D cadastre in Taiwan. The development can be divided into technology and management aspects. In terms of technology, the project uses the result map of building survey approved and issued by the land office to establish the floor plan, and then builds the 3D building cadastral model data by linking to the height data from building construction drawings. In terms of management, the project has formulated the draft standard for 3D cadastral building and 3D cadastral system on the basis of City Geography Markup Language (CityGML). As it specifically focuses on the geometric aspect of registered buildings in the cadastral system, the rights and duties of cadastral buildings and their relationships to the 3D buildings are yet to be introduced. In response to the above challenge, the research intends to clarity the 3D spatial units and operations required for 3D cadastre systems and facilitate the design of the core of Taiwan profile based on Land Administration Domain Model (LADM). The ultimate goal is to propose a basic framework for 3D cadastral building data in Taiwan in standardized way and improve the interoperability of cross-domain applications.

The right and duty of cadastral building data involves four major elements: (1)right, (2)duty, (3)subject of right, and (4)subject of duty. The interior of the cadastral building can be modelled by a variety of 3D spatial units with different semantics, such as cadastral building, building blocks, underground, building, floor, main building, and accessory building. Since the building cadastral data in Taiwan is managed and identified by building number, the research proposes to model the spatial unit and its unique building number by a feature type named “building number administrative unit”. It has two types: (1) only main building and (2) main building+accessory building. From the perspective of right and subject of right, the commonly used rights in cadastral transactions include ownership, usufruct, and mortgage. Each of them can correspond to specific subject of rights, namely owner, user, and mortgagee. Both of them must be considered in the profile design. From the perspective of duty and subject of duty, the major duty related to cadastral buildings is the house tax. The house tax is the property tax levied on the owners or users to the house they hold or use. With the goal of appropriately modelling the necessary characteristics of buildings and their related data in Taiwan profile, the research summarizes six common types of characteristics, namely semantics and thematic attribute, identifier, spatial data model, hierarchy, spatial relationship, and time version, for feature type design, and proposes a schema for the primitive feature class design for 3D cadastre data based on LADM. Finally, the proposed Taiwan profile is used for developing the database management system to verify the operability of the profile with the 3D building cadastral data provided by the Kaohsiung City Government. In conclusion, this research comprehensively examines the current operation procedure and related regulations, then summarizes a list of 3D spatial units for cadastral buildings, including cadastral building, building blocks, underground, building, floor, main building, accessory building, and building number administrative unit. Based on such semantic modelling results of building registration, this research further combines the designed results with the 3D building data of surveying and mapping technology to meet the application demands of 3D digital cities that require 3D building data. In addition to promoting the cross-domain application of cadastral data, it can also provide references for each spatial unit to link to cross-domain data to achieve the goal of spatial enabling.

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