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研究生： 吳宗道
Wu, Zong-Dao
論文名稱： 台灣市售香菸所排放PAH之成份及基因毒性研究
A Study on the Composition of PAHs and Genotoxicity of the Smoke from Selected Popular Taiwanese Cigarettes
指導教授： 林達昌
Lin, Ta-Chang
學位類別： 碩士
Master
系所名稱： 工學院 - 環境工程學系
Department of Environmental Engineering
論文出版年： 2007
畢業學年度： 95
語文別： 中文
論文頁數： 113
中文關鍵詞： 氣相層析質譜儀 、安姆氏測試 、多環芳香烴 、主流菸 、側流菸
外文關鍵詞： PAHs, mainstream smoke, GC/MS, sidestream smoke, Ames test
相關次數： 點閱：101  下載：2 
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    • 多環芳香烴PAHs來源為有機物的不完全燃燒，環境中有機污染物充斥於各處，PAHs為其評估室內環境品質之重要依據，且部分已被證實對人體具有致癌與致突變性，是環境中重要致癌物質之一。本研究選取台灣地區主要市售六種不同配方、不同焦油含量之捲菸，針對香菸煙霧中之主流菸煙霧和側流菸煙霧中的微粒相污染物，利用氣相層析質譜儀分析其中USEPA優先列管的16種多環芳烴之含量, 最後以安姆氏測試之沙門桿菌(salmonella)變異菌種TA98測試其致突變性的強弱。
    研究結果顯示，六種捲煙中主流菸煙霧之Total PAHs在180~780 ng/cig之間，其中小於4環以下之PAHs佔多數；而側流菸煙霧中之Total PAHs在3980~6790 ng/cig之間，以4環以上之PAHs佔多數。側流菸煙霧中，焦油數較低之薄荷淡菸所排放4環以上的PAHs則無明顯較少。就降低抽吸主流菸煙霧量而言，此舉雖能使主流菸煙霧中之PAHs排放量降低，但對側流菸煙霧而言，Total PAHs之排放量反而升高，反而增加其暴露在高致癌性環境之風險。Ames test之結果顯示，淡菸在主流菸或是側流菸煙霧中基因毒性表現均為焦油數較高之捲菸有較低的致突變性濃度。而在香菸濃縮萃取物致突變菌落數與懸浮微粒均有明顯的劑量反應關係。

    Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons（PAHs）are formed during incomplete combustion of organic materals. PAHs are the potent authority to estimate the quality of indoor air, and have been proven as genotoxictity to human in environment. This study selected six popular Taiwanese cigarettes with different manufacturing processes and tar levels.
    The concentrations of the sixteen USEPA priority pollutants PAHs in the particulate phase of mainstream and the sideatream cigarette smoke were measured by GC/MS. In addition, the genotoxicity of the particulate phase in cigarette smoke was assessed with the Ames Salmonella Test with strains TA98.
    The results show that total concentrations of 16 PAHs in these six different brands mainstream smoke range between 180 and 780 ng per cigarette. Two- or three-ringed PAHs accounted for 59.10 % of total PAHs, and were found mainly in the particulate phase. Four- to six-ringed PAHs existed mainly in the particulate phase. They accounted for 61.53% of the total PAHs. 16 PAHs in sidestream smoke are between 3990~6790 ng/cig. There was no clear correlation between PAHs and the tar content. While reducing the inhale volume in the mainstream could lower the total PAHs entering the lungs, this practice causes more incomplete combustion of the ciagarette and hance increases the concentration of 16 PAHs in sidestream.
    The Ames Test results show that both sidestream and mainstream smoke from the low-tar cigarettes exhibited lower genotoxicity than did the full-tar cigarettes. The cigarette smoke condensates from all test cigarettes diaplayed significant dose-response relationships for all smoking regimens used in this study. It is clear that both smoking and second-hand smoking imposes potential carcinogenic risk to human health.

    第一章 前言...........................1 1-1 研究動機..............................1 1-2 研究目的..............................2 第二章 文獻回顧.......................3 2-1 香菸燃燒所生成的有害物質..............4 2-2 PAHs的特性...........................13 2-3安姆氏試驗在微量空氣污染物中致突變性之測試...24 第三章 實驗方法與步驟................27 3-1 實驗設計與規劃.......................27 3-2 採樣.................................30 3-3 採樣前之準備.........................31 3-4樣品分析..............................32 3-5 Ames Test 毒性測試...................36 第四章 數據分析之品質保證與品質控制......47 4-1 PAHs空白試驗.........................47 4-2 毒性空白試驗.........................47 4-3 標準品回收率測試.....................50 4-4 PAHs標準品檢量線之建立...............51 4-5 PAHs重複分析.........................52 第五章　結果與討論.......................55 5-1 不同捲菸燃燒之排放係數...............55 5-2 不同捲菸之香菸煙霧中PAHs的含量.......58 5-3 不同吸煙頻率所排放PAHs之含量.........73 5-4 Ames test............................77 第六章 結論與建議........................83 6-1 結論.................................83 6-2 建議.................................84 Reference-參考文獻.......................85 Appendix A 16種PAHs之檢量線（GC/MS)......97 自述....................................113 表目錄 Table 2.1 sidestream/mainstream yield ratio for selected compoments in the smoke of plain cigarettes 5 Table 2.2 Constituents of mainstream cigarette smoke condensate from non-filter cigarette 6 Table 2.3 Major hazardous materials in cigarette smoke 7 Table 2.4 16種PAHs之分子量與毒性 16 Table 2-5 Toxic equivalent factors(TEFs) of PAHs 22 Table 2-6安姆氏試驗各突變菌系及其基因特性 25 Table 3.1 Physical characteristics of six kinds of cigarettes 27 Table 3.2 Different smoking regimens in Mainstream smoke31 Table 4.1程序空白試驗 49 Table 4.2 The recovery (%) of PAHs standard (n=3) 50 Table 4.3 Retention Time in 16 PAHs for 6 sequential injections 53 Table 4.4 Abundance in 16 PAHs for 6 sequential injections 54 Table 5.1 Emission factors of cigarette smoke (n=15) 57 Table 5.2 Emission factors of burning material per microgram 57 Table 5-3 Concentration (ng/cig) and distributions (%) of individual PAHs in sidestream smoke 59 Table 5-4 Toxic equivalency factors of PAHs in sidestream smoke (ng/cig) 62 Table 5-5 Concentration (ng/cig) and distributions (%) of individual PAHs in maintream smoke 64 Table 5-6 Toxic equivalency factors of PAHs in mainstream smoke (ng/cig) 67 Table 5-7 Mainstream and Sidestream smoke yields of PAHs (ng/cig) and Total BaPeq (ng/cig) from 6 cigarette brands 69 Table 5-8 Cigarette smoke yield of PAHs (ng/cig) and Total BaPeq (ng/cig) from 6 cigarette brands 72 Table 5-9 Distribution (%) of PAHs with different rings for each smoking regimen in sidestream smoke 73 Table 5-10 Distribution (%) of PAHs with different rings for each smoking regimen in mainstream smoke 74 Table 5-11 PAHs (ng per cigarette) for each smoking regimen in sidestream and mainstream smoke 75 圖目錄 Fig 2-1 Formation of TSNAs 11 Fig 2-2 Bay-region示意圖 21 Fig 3-1 實驗研究流程圖 29 Fig 3-2 Ames試驗流程圖 36 Fig 5-1 Distribution of 16 PAHs in sidestream smoke 60 Fig 5-2 Distribution of PAHs with different rings in sidestream smoke 60 Fig 5-3 Distribution of 16 PAHs in mainstream smoke 65 Fig 5-4 Distribution of PAHs with different rings in mainstream smoke 65 Fig 5-6 Total, HMW and Carcinogenic PAH levels (ng per cigarette) in mainstream cigarette smoke from different cigarette brands 70 Fig 5-7 Mutagenicity of mainstream smoke condensates (expressed as revertants/per plate per μg TPM) for 6 cigarette brands. Evalution was performed in Bacterial Strain TA98 in the presence of S9 solution (5%) 77 Fig 5-8 Mutagenicity of sidestream smoke condensate (expressed as revertants/per plate per μg TPM) for 6 cigarette brands. Evalution was performed in Bacterial Strain TA98 in the presence of S9 solution (5%) 79 Fig 5-9 Mutagenicity of mainstream smoke condensates (expressed as revertants/per plate per μg TPM) for each smoking regimen. Evalution was performed in Bacterial Strain TA98 in the presence of S9 solution (5%) 80 Fig 5-10 Mutagenicity of sidestream smoke condensates (expressed as revertants/per plate per μg TPM) for each smoking regimen. Evalution was performed in Bacterial Strain TA98 in the presence of S9 solution (5%) 81

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