交通事業中，疲勞駕駛議題相當重要，尤其是工作特性單調的鐵路駕駛，駕駛疲勞問題更加嚴重。過去文獻提出許多造成疲勞之因，多著重於睡眠因素、生理時鐘、工作性質，但仍未找出造成疲勞之真正主因，近年來學者提出疲勞是對行為的控制，且不同個體對於疲勞的感受與表現出來的疲勞症狀不盡相同，此多受大腦控制與心理層面影響，卻鮮少有文獻針對此部份進行研究，故本研究從駕駛員心理、感知角度切入，衡量駕駛員在面對各情境之疲勞表現。
　　在資料分析與處理上，採用試題反應理論(Item Response Theory, IRT)中之Rasch模式進行兩構面分析（疲勞感知能力和疲勞控制能力）。模式結果顯示本研究發展之駕駛員量表，在信度與效度上均有良好表現。此外，結果得出各問項難度排序，以及駕駛員在各情境中的疲勞察覺能力與控制能力，其中以「在一工作班中連續更換駕駛不同車種」最難被駕駛員感到疲勞且為駕駛員最難控制疲勞感之項目。透過兩構面比較分析，挑選出應優先改善之情境，及疲勞控制能力低之駕駛群，發現此駕駛群特性為35-44歲且駕駛經驗不多的單身漢，具有大學學歷且無菸酒習慣。建議改善策略可針對疲勞控制能力低之駕駛群調整駕駛模式，避免一工作班中連續更換駕駛不同車種；另可安排聯誼活動或成立社團，讓駕駛員走出戶外結交朋友，增強其工作活力，以提升其疲勞控制能力。本研究模式可供不同組織對其駕駛進行相似分析，研究結果可供管理單位針對不同特性駕駛進行疲勞改善策略之參考。

Driving while fatigued is considered one of the most important safety issues in transportation. Although many studies have examined the cause of fatigue which foucus on sleepless, circadian, nature of task effects, it is often unclear which is the root cause. In recent years, fatigue was considered as a control behavior. The fatigue effect on individual different, it all controlled by brain and mental awareness. So the study aims to investigate the Taiwan train drivers’ perception of fatigue, by adopting the multidimensional Rasch model to measure subjective latent constructs: perceive fatigue, control fatigue.
Empirical results indicated that the majority of train drivers had enough ability to felt fatigue, but 21% of study participants lacked confidence in controlling perceived fatigue. In all situations, drivers felt that driving different types of trains in a work shift was the most difficult to feel fatigue, and also the most difficult to control fatigue. Analytical results show substantial differences between the control ability of various personal characteristic. The group whom age 35-44 single man, less driving experience, with university degree and no drinking or smoking habit were significantly lacked of control ability. The empirical results can help managers to better understand how drivers face of fatigue and to suggest what should be improved.

英文參考文獻
1. Adams, R.J., Wilson, M.R., Wang, W.C., 1997. “The multidimensional random coefficients multinomial logit”, Applied Psychological Measurement, Vol.21, No1, pp. 1-23.
2. Anderson, L.W., 1994. Attitude Measures. In T. Husen(ed), The International Encyclopedia of Education, Vol.1, (second ed.), Oxford: Pergamon, pp.380-390.
3. Anderson, T., 1999. “Human Reliability and Railway Safety”, 16th ESREDA seminar, safety and reliability in transportation, Glasgow UK, pp.156-162.
4. Andrich, D., 1978. “A rating formulation for ordered response categories”, Psychometrika, Vol.43, No4, pp. 561–573.
5. Arnedt, J.T., Wilde, G.J.S., Munt, P.W., MacLean, A.W., 2001. “How do prolonged wakefulness and alcohol compare in the decrements they produce on a simulated driving task?”, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol.33, No3, pp. 337–344.
6. Baysari, M.T., McIntosh, A.S., Wilson, J.R., 2008. “Understanding the human factors contribution to railway accidents and incidents in Australia＂, Accident Analysis & Prevention, Vol.40, No5, pp. 1750–1757.
7. Brentari, E., Golia, S., 2008. “Measuring job satisfaction in the social services sector with the Rasch model”, Journal of Applied Measurement Vol. 9, No. 1, pp.45-56.
8. Chang, H. L., Wu, H. L., 2008. “Exploring the vehicle dependence behind mode choice: evidence of motorcycle dependence in Taipei”, Transportation Research Part A, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp.307-320.
9. Dawson,Ｄ., Fletcher, A., 2001. “A quantitative model of work-related fatigue: background and definition”, Applied Ergonomics, Vol.44, No.2, pp.144-163.
10. Dawson,Ｄ., Noy, Y. I., Harma, M., Akerstedt, T., Belenky, G., 2011. “Modelling fatigue and the use of fatigue models in work settings”, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol.43, No.2, pp.549-564.
11. Dawson, D., Reid, K., 1997. “Fatigue, alcohol and performance impairment”, Nature, Vol. 388, pp.235.
12. Di Milia, L., Smolensky, M.H., Costa, G., Howarth, H.D., Ohayon, M.M., Philip, P., 2011. “Demographic factors, fatigue and driving accidents: An examination of　the published literature ”, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol.43, No.2, pp.516-532.
13. Dorrian, J., Roach, G.D., Fletcher, A., Dawson, D., 2006. “The effects of fatigue on train handling during speed restriction”, Transportation Research Part F, Vol.9, No.4, pp.243-257.
14. Dorrian, J., Roach, G.D., Fletcher, A., Dawson, D., 2007. “Simulated train driving: Fatigue, self-awareness and cognitive disengagement”, Applied Ergonomics, Vol.38, No.2, pp.155-166.
15. Duncan, P. W., Bode, R. K., Lai, S. M., Perera, S., 2003. “Rasch analysis of a new stroke-specific outcome scale: the stroke impact scale”, Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vol. 84, No. 7, pp.950-963
16. Edkins, G.D., & Pollock, C.M., 1997. “The influence of sustained attention on Railway accidents”, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol.29, No.4, pp.533-539.
17. Edward, T., 1990. “Mental fatigue”, Psychological Review, Vol.7, No.5, pp.466-482.
18. Falleti, M.G., Maruff, P., Collie, A., Darby, D.G., McStephen, M., 2003. “Qualitative similarities in cognitive impairment associated with 24 h of sustained wakefulness and a blood alcohol concentration of 0.05%”, Journal of Sleep Research, Vol.12, No.4, pp.265-274.
19. Gander, P., Hartley. L., Powell, D., Cabon, P., Hitchcock, E., Mills, A., Popkin, S., 2011. “Fatigue risk management: Organizational factors at the regulatory and industry/ company level”, Accident Analysis & Prevention, Vol.43, No.2, pp. 573-590.
20. Gershon, P., Ronen, A., Tal, O.G., Shinar, D., 2009. “The effects of an interactive cognitive task (ICT) in suppressing fatigue symptoms in driving”, Transportation Research Part F, Vol.12, No.1, pp.21-28.
21. Gibson, A.S.T., Baden, D.A., Lambert, M.I., Lambert, E.V., Harley, Y.X.R., Hampson, D., Russell, V.A., Noakes, T.D., 2003 “The conscious perception of the sensation of fatigue” Sports Medicine, Vol.33, No.3, pp.167-176.
22. Gillberg, M., Åkerstedt, T., 1998. “Sleep loss and performance: no ‘safe’ duration of a monotonous task”, Physiology & Behavior, Vol.64, No.5, pp.599-604.
23. Grandjean, E., 1968. “Fatigue: its physiological and psychological significance”, Ergonomics, Vol.11, No.5, pp.427-36.
24. Griffith, C.D., Mahadevan, S., 2011. “Inclusion of fatigue effects in human reliability analysis”, Reliability Engineering & System Safety, Vol.96, No.11, pp.1437-1447.
25. Hall, S., 1999. “Hidden Dangers-Railway Safety in the Era of Privatization”, Ian Allan, UK.
26. Hambleton, R.K., Cook, L.L., 1997. “Latent trait models and their use in the analysis of educational test data”, Journal of Educational Measurement, Vol.14, No.2, pp.75-96.
27. Hamilton, W.I., Clarke, T., 2005. “Driver performance modeling and its practical application to railway safety”, Applied Ergonomics, Vol.36, No.6, pp.661-670.
28. Harrison, Y., & Horne, J.A., 2000. “The Impact of Sleep Deprivation on Decision Making: A Review”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, Vol.6, No.6, pp.236-249.
29. Hockey, G. Robert J., 2011. “Compensatory control in the regulation of human performance under stress and high workload: A cognitive-energetical framework”, Biological Psychology, Vol.45, No.1-3, pp.73-93.
30. Hockey, G. Robert J. Ackerman, Phillip L. (Ed) 2011. “A motivational control theory of cognitive fatigue”, Cognitive fatigue: Multidisciplinary perspectives on current research and future applications. pp. 167-187.
31. Horne, J. A., 1988. “Sleep Loss and "Divergent" Thinking Ability”, Sleep, Vol.11, No.6, pp.528-536.
32. Horrey, W.J., Noy, Y.I., Folkard, S., Pokin, S.M., Howarth, H.D., Couetney, T.K., 2011. “Research needs and opportunities for reducing the adverse safety consequences of fatigue”, Accident Analysis & Prevention, Vol.43, No.2, pp.591-594.
33. Hulin, C.L., Drasgow, F., Parsons, C.K., 1983. Item response theory: Application to psychological measurement. Homewood, IL: Dow Jones-Irwin.
34. Ji, Q., Lan, P., Looney. C., 2006. “A probabilistic framework for modeling and real-time monitoring human fatigue” IEEE Systems, Man and Cybernetics, PartA: Systems and Humans, Vol.36, No.5, pp.862-875.
35. Kanfer, Ruth, Ackerman, Phillip L. (Ed) 2011. “Determinants and consequences of subjective cognitive fatigue”, Cognitive fatigue: Multidisciplinary perspectives on current research and future applications.pp.189-207.
36. Kecklund, G., Åkerstedt, T., Ingre, M., Soderstrom, M., 1999. “Train drivers working conditions and their impact on safety, stress and sleepiness: a literature review, analyses of accidents and schedules”, National Institute for Psychosocial factors and Health (IPM), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm.
37. Konstantopoulos, P., Chapman, P., Crundall, D., 2010. “Driver’s visual attention as a function of driving experience and visibility. Using a driving simulator to explore drivers’ eye movements in day, night and rain driving”, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol.42, Issue 3, pp. 827-834
38. Krueger, G.P., 1989. “Sustained work, fatigue, sleep loss and performance: a review of the issues”, Work and Stress, Vol.3, No.2, pp.129-141.
39. Ku, C.H., Smith, M.J., 2010. “Organisational factors and scheduling in locomotive engineers and conductors: Effects on fatigue, health and social well-being”, Applied Ergonomics, Vol.41, No.1, pp.62-71.
40. Lal, S.K.L., Craig, A., 2001. “A critical review of the psychophysiology of driver fatigue”, Biological Psychology, Vol.55, No.3, pp.173-194.
41. Lauderdale, D.S., Knutson, K.L., Yan, L.L., Rathouz, P.J., Hulley, S.B., Sidney, S., Liu, K., 2006. “Objectively measured sleep characteristics among Early-Middle- aged adults: the CARDIA study”, American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol.164, No.1, pp.5-16.
42. Linacre, J.M., 1994. “Many-facet Rasch measurement”, Chicago: MESA Press.
43. Liu, Y.C., & Wu, T.J., 2009. “Fatigued driver’s driving behavior and cognitive task performance: Effects of road environments and road environment changes”, Safety Science, Vol.47, No.8, pp.1083-1089.
44. Luke, T., Brook-Carter, N., Parkes, A.M., Grimes, E., Mills, A., 2006. “An investigation of train driver visual strategies”, Cognition, Technology & Work, Vol.8, No.1, pp. 15-29.
45. Marcora, S., 2009. “Mental fatigue impairs physical performance in humans”, Journal of Applied Physiology, Vol.106, No.3, pp.857-864.
46. Masters, G.N., 1982. “A Rasch model for partial credit scoring”, Psychometrika, Vol.47, No2, pp. 149–174.
47. Matthews, G., Desmond, P.A., 2002. “Task-induced fatigue effects on simulated driving performance”, The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol.55, No.2, pp.659-686.
48. May, J.F., Baldwin, C.L., 2009. “Driver fatigue: The importance of identifying causal factors of fatigue when considering detection and countermeasure technologies”, Transportation Research Part F, Vol.12, Issue 3, pp. 218-224.
49. McLeod, R. W., Walker, G.H., Moray, N., 2005. “Analysing and modeling train driver performance”, Applied Ergonomics, Vol.36, No.6, pp.671-680.
50. Merat, N., Jamson, A.H., 2013. “The effect of three low-cost engineering treatments on driver fatigue: A driving simulator study”, Accident Analysis & Prevention, Vol.50, No.2, pp. 8-15.
51. Mukherjee, A.K., Bhattacharya, S.K., Ahmed, S., Roy, S.K., Roychowdhury, A., Sen, S., 2003. “Exposure of drivers and conductors to noise, heat, dust and volatile organic compounds in the state transport special buses of Kolkata city”, Transportation Research Part D, Vol.8, No.1, pp.11-19.
52. Nena, E., Tsara, V., Steiropoulos, P., Constantinidis, T., Katsarou, Z., Christaki, P., Bouros, D., 2008., “Sleep-Disordered Breathing and Quality of Life of Railway Drivers in Greece”, Chest, Vol.134, No.1, pp.79-86.
53. Noakes, T. D., Clair Gibson, A. St., Lambert, E. V., 2005. “From catastrophe to complexity: A novel model of integrative central neural regulation of effort and fatigue during exercise in humans: Summary and conclusions”, British Journal of Sports Medicine, Vol.39, No.2, pp.120-124.
54. Noy, Y.I., Horrey, W.J., Popkin, S.M., Folkard, S., Howarth, H.D., Courntey, T.K.　2011. “Future directions in fatigue and safety research”, Accident Analysis & Prevention, Vol.43, No.2, pp. 495-497.
55. Oron-Gilad, T., Ronen, A., 2007. “Road Characteristics and Driver Fatigue: A Simulator Study”, Traffic Injury Prevention, Vol.8, No.3, pp. 281–289.
56. Paterson, J.L., Dorrian, J., Clarkson, L., Darwent, D., Ferguson, S.A., 2012. “Beyond working time: Factors affecting sleep behaviour in rail safety workers”, Accident Analysis & Prevention, Vol.45S, pp. 32–25.
57. Prieto, L., Alonso, J., Lamarca, R., 2003. “Classical test theory versus Rasch analysis for quality of life questionnaire reduction”, Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, Vol.1, No. 27, p.1-13.
58. Rasch, G., (1960/1980) “Probabilistic models for some intelligence and attainment test. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for Educational Research”, 1960. (Expanded edition Chicago: The university of Chicago Press, 1980)
59. Read, G.J.M. et al., Lenné, M.G., Moss, S.A., 2012. “Associations between task, training and social environmental factors and error types involved in rail incidents and accidents”, Accident Analysis & Prevention, Vol.48, pp. 416–422.
60. Reckase, M.D. 1979. “Unifactor latent trait models applied to multi-factor tests: Results and implications”, Journal of Educational Statistics, Vol.4, pp.207-230.
61. Reeve, D. E., Li, Y., Lark, M., Simmonds, D., 2007. “An Investigation of the multi-scale temporal variability of beach profiles at Duck using wavelet packet”, Coastal Engineering, Vol.54, No.5, pp. 401-415.
62. Sani, M.A. & Dawal, S.Z.M., 2010. “Future Human Performance Model for Malaysian Train Driver” Proceedings of The International MultiConference of Engineers and Computer Scientists 2010, Vol.Ⅲ, pp.1938-1943.
63. Segars, A.H., 1997. “Assessing the Unidimensionality of Measurement: a Paradigm and Illustration within the Context of Information Systems Research”, Omega, Vol.25, No.1, pp.107-121.
64. Smith, R.M., Miao, C.Y., 1994. “Assessing unidimensionality for Rasch measurement” In M. Wilson (Ed.) Objective Measurement: Theory into Practice. Vol. 2, 316-327. Norwood, NJ: Ablex Publishing Corporation.
65. Smolensky, M.H., Di Milia, L., Ohayon, M.M., Philip, P., 2011. “Sleep disorders, medical conditions, and road accident risk”, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol.43, No.2, pp.533-548.
66. Theron, W.J., Van Heerden, G.M.J., 2011. “Fatigue knowledge—a new lever in safety management”, The Southern Africa Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Vol.111.
67. Thompson, B., 2004. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Understanding concepts and applications. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, US, pp.195.
68. Van Dongen, H.P.A., Vitellaro, K.M., Dinges, D.F., 2005. “Individual differences in adult sleep and wakefulness: Leitmotif for a research agenda.” Sleep, Vol.28, No.4, pp.479-496.
69. Williamson, A., Lombardi, D.A., Folkard, S., Stutts, J., Courtney, T.K., Connor, J.L., 2011. “The Link between Fatigue and Safety”, Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol.43, No.2, pp.498-515.
70. Wright, B.D., 1977. “Solving measurement problems with the Rasch modal”, Journal of Educational Measurement, Vol.14, No.2, pp97-116.
71. Wright, B.D., Masters, G.N., 1982. Rating scale analysis: Rasch measurement. Chicago, Illinois: MESA Press.
72. Wright, B. D., & Stone, M. H., 1979. Best test design: Rasch measurement. Chicago, Illinois: MESA Press.
73. Wu, M.L., Adams, R.J., Wilson, M.R., 1998. ConQuest: Multi-aspect test software [Computer software]. Melbourne: Australian Council for Educational Research.
74. Yan, Z., Mok, M., 2012. “Validating the coping scale for Chinese athletes using multidimensional Rasch analysis”, Psychology of Sport and Exercise, Vol.13, Issue 3, pp. 271-279.

中文參考文獻
1. 張新立、朱來順，2008，鐵路司機員適應影響行車安全壓力員之能力量測。運輸計劃季刊 Vol.37, No.2, pp.139-164。
2. 蔡侑君(民98)，探討列車延誤時乘客等候之心理及其改善策略－以台鐵為例，成功大學交通管理科學系碩士論文。
3. 蔡維唐(民97)，影響小客車駕駛人駕駛技能與行為之因素研究，交通大學運輸科技與管理學系碩士論文。
4. 戴柏翰(民96)，國道客運業駕駛疲勞之探討，成功大學交通管理科學系碩士論文。