養豬廢水富含有機碳、氮及磷，若是直接排放至水體中，將會造成嚴重的環境污染及水體優養化。因此，養豬廢水在排放至環境前，通常需經過適當的廢水處理過程。養豬廢水中的成分正好是微藻生長所需的營養源，故可被利用來養殖微藻，同時也可淨化廢水，可謂一舉兩得。此外，在微藻養殖後所得到的藻體，由於具有豐富的營養成分，可被做為畜產及水產飼料添加劑，為微藻豬廢水處理程序提供額外的收益，且可避免傳統豬廢水處理程序中產生大量污泥造成二次污染的問題。根據上述論點，本研究的目標將聚焦於以本土微藻進行養豬廢水處理之效能評估及最適化操作策略。
首先使用未經滅菌的養豬廢水為培養基，進行微藻藻種篩選，藉此篩選出對養豬廢水耐受性高且生長快速的藻種，以進行後續廢水處理試驗。在實驗結果顯示，將Chlorella sorokiniana AK-1培養於含有10%養豬廢水的BG-11培養基中，在化學需氧量(COD)、生物需氧量(BOD)、總氮(TN)、總磷(TP)之移除效率以及微藻藻體生產效率各方面，皆有最佳的表現。接著，使用50%養豬廢水混和BG-11作為培養基時，有最佳的Chlorella sorokiniana AK-1生長效率及廢水處理效果。後續為節省成本，進一步探討減少廢水培養基中的BG-11商用培養基添加量之影響，經過15天的培養後，發現廢水中仍有約85%至99%的有機質移除率，以及6.52 ± 0.28 g/L的藻體濃度產出，顯示以微藻進行養豬廢水處理並不需額外添加營養物質來強化處理效果。
本研究的第二部分，乃藉由工程策略來提升廢水處理的效率及穩定性。本實驗分為三個部分，最適化操作策略、固定化載體添加以及整合策略應用。在操作策略的部分，在長期廢水處理的範疇上，最佳化的策略是使用置換90%體積的半批次操作且各個操作循環的培養天數為6天。在固定化載體添加的部分，雙載體(海綿與活性碳)之添加能提升豬廢水處理的效率且縮短各個操作循環的處理時間至5天。此外，雙載體更展示了優異的可重複利用性。在整合策略應用的部分，將半批次操作結合雙載體並提高廢水進料濃度，藉此使微藻豬廢水處理系統更經濟可行。實驗結果也顯示在整合策略操作下，各個處理循環的廢水進料濃度能成功地由50%提升至100%，並可得94%到99%的營養源移除效率，且處理後的放流水符合台灣養豬廢水排放標準(COD < 600 mg/L、BOD < 80 mg/L)。此外，在使用整合策略以及100%豬廢水進料的情況下，平均微藻藻體濃度及產率分別為4.36 ± 0.44 g/L與0.79 ± 0.10 g/L/d。
最後，基於前述實驗中得到的最佳工程策略及參數進行微藻豬廢水處理的規模放大操作。實驗結果成功顯示了在放大系統和模擬戶外光週期的條件下(光/暗循環為12小時/12小時)，處理後放流水的性質仍然符合廢水排放標準。所得之COD、BOD、TN及TP的移除率分別為95.0 ± 0.8%、99.1 ± 0.1%、77.3 ± 2.6%和88.7 ± 2.2%。此外，放大系統同時也可獲得4.01 ± 0.97的平均藻體濃度以及0.39 ± 0.10 g/L/d的平均藻體產率。
以微藻進行養豬廢水處理，除了處理效果優異外，廢水處理後所得到的微藻藻體，也含有高蛋白質及高葉黃素含量，因此有極高的潛力能夠做為畜牧及水產飼料添加劑。大致上，微藻藻體中的蛋白質含量約為50%至60%，葉黃素則約為3.0 mg/g至5.0 mg/g。這些微藻中的高營養成分為微藻豬廢水處理提供了額外的利潤，且因為藻體的再利用，可大幅降低污泥的後續處理成本並避免造成二次污染。本研究建立的高效創新微藻廢水處理系統以及藻體的循環利用，不只實踐了循環經濟的理念，且讓整個廢水處理程序更為環保，彰顯了此微藻廢水處理系統具有未來實廠規模商業化應用及經濟可行性。

Piggery wastewater is rich in organic carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, which could cause serious pollution and eutrophication if directly discharged into water bodies. Hence, proper treatment before environmental release is deemed essential. The nutrients in wastewater can be utilized by microalgae, which in turn makes it a suitable cultivation medium for microalgae. The resulting microalgal biomass with appropriate nutritional composition can be used as livestock and aquaculture feed supplements, providing additional profits for microalgae-based piggery wastewater treatment and preventing the secondary sludge pollution caused by conventional piggery wastewater treatment. The aim of this study is to evaluate the feasibility of growing indigenous microalgae with swine wastewater for simultaneous microalgal biomass production and wastewater treatment.
Unsterilized piggery wastewater was used to screen the best microalgal candidate for wastewater treatment and optimize the wastewater-based medium for microalgae cultivation. Chlorella sorokiniana AK-1 showed the best performance for nutrients removal as well as microalgal biomass production in BG-11 medium containing 10% piggery wastewater. Subsequently, optimal results were obtained by using BG-11 medium mixed with 50% wastewater for Chlorella sorokiniana AK-1 cultivation and wastewater treatment. Further, the addition of BG-11 medium nutrients was successfully eliminated with further examination for cost reduction, and 50% piggery wastewater could serve as the optimal medium. Under the optimal conditions, this microalgae-based system exhibited about 85% to 99% nutrients removal efficiencies for piggery wastewater treatment with a biomass production of 6.52 ± 0.28 g/L after 15 days cultivation.
The second part of this study was applying engineering strategies for the enhancement of wastewater treatment efficiency and stability. The experiments in the second part could be roughly categorized into three tasks; namely, operating strategy, solid carrier addition and integrated strategy. In operating strategy evaluation, the optimal strategy for long-term wastewater treatment was found to be using semi-batch operation with 90% volumetric replacement, and the cultivation time in each cycle was 6 days. For solid carrier addition, the addition of dual carriers (sponges and activated carbon) could enhance the efficiency of piggery wastewater treatment and reduce the treatment time to 5 days in each cycle. Moreover, the dual carriers also demonstrated great reusability. In integrated strategy, semi-batch operation was integrated with dual carriers with an increase in the wastewater loading to make the proposed microalgae-based piggery wastewater treatment more commercially feasible. The results show that, with the integrated strategies, wastewater loading in each cycle could be successfully increased from 50% to 100%. The resulting nutrients removal efficiencies were in the range of 94% to 99%, and characteristics of the treated effluent satisfied Taiwan Swine Wastewater Discharge Standards (COD < 600 mg/L, BOD < 80 mg/L). In addition, with integrated strategy and 100% piggery wastewater loading, the average biomass concentration was 4.36 ± 0.44 g/L and the average biomass productivity was 0.79 ± 0.10 g/L/d.
Finally, the scale-up process of microalgae-based piggery wastewater treatment applying the optimal engineering strategies obtained previously was performed. The results successfully revealed the effective piggery wastewater treatment under scale-up system in an indoor 10L open pond with simulated outdoor photoperiod (light/dark cycle 12h/12h). The treated effluent also met the wastewater discharge standards. The resulting COD, BOD, TN and TP removal efficiencies were 95.0 ± 0.8%, 99.1 ± 0.1%, 77.3 ± 2.6% and 88.7 ± 2.2%, respectively. Furthermore, the scale-up system simultaneously showed an average biomass concentration and productivity of 4.01 ± 0.97 g/L and 0.39 ± 0.10 g/L/d, respectively.
Apart from the remarkable results for piggery wastewater treatment, the microalgal biomass obtained after wastewater treatment revealed high potential to be evaluated as livestock feed supplement due to its high protein and lutein content. The resulting microalgal biomass generally contained protein in the range of 50% to 60% and lutein in the range of 3.0 mg/g to 5.0 mg/g. These high nutritional contents in microalgal biomass provide additional profits for microalgae-based piggery wastewater treatment and alleviate the secondary sludge disposal issues. The innovative system and outstanding performances in this study not only fulfill the concept of circular economy, making the process much more environmental-friendly, but also show that the microalgae-based piggery wastewater treating system is economically feasible for future plant-scale commercialization.

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