前言：
隨著數位遊戲和智慧型手機的普及，遊戲成癮已成為一個重要的公共衛生議題。《精神疾病診斷與統計手冊第五版》(DSM-5) 針對網路遊戲障礙症 (IGD) 提出了九項具體診斷指標，其中特別關注將遊戲作為逃避負面情緒的動機。而《國際疾病分類第十一版》(ICD-11) 則將遊戲障礙症 (GD) 歸類為一種行為成癮，其診斷框架涵蓋了更廣泛的要求。這兩種診斷框架的差異，也導致了遊戲成癮測量工具在發展時，側重的面向有所不同。
源自世界衛生組織 (WHO) 框架的評估工具，例如「青少年遊戲障礙量表」(GADIS-A) 和「遊戲障礙測試」(GDT)，已在多種翻譯版本中展現出穩定的心理計量學特性。然而，在本研究開始之前，這兩種工具尚缺乏越南語和香港繁體中文版本。為了評估越南和香港地區遊戲障礙症的嚴重程度，有必要驗證其翻譯版本的心理計量學特性。
相較於遊戲成癮，無手機恐懼症 (Nomophobia) 是一個相對新穎的概念，最初定義為當手機不在身邊時所經歷的焦慮、緊張、不適或痛苦。隨著智慧型手機和網路在日常生活中日益重要，無手機恐懼症對年輕族群的影響也成為一個重要的公共衛生議題。
文獻回顧與研究目的：
過往研究已廣泛探討遊戲障礙症 (GD) 與心理困擾 (PD) 之間的關聯，以及無手機恐懼症與心理健康問題的相關性。然而，鮮少有文獻同時在單一框架下檢視遊戲障礙症、無手機恐懼症和心理困擾之間的關係。此外，目前的研究多半聚焦於單一地區或國家，缺乏直接在單一研究中跨區域比較遊戲障礙症、無手機恐懼症和心理困擾之間假設模型的相關研究。
研究目的：
1. 驗證越南語版 GDT 和 GADIS-A 的心理計量學特性。
2. 驗證香港繁體中文版 GDT 和 GADIS-A 的心理計量學特性。
3. 探討遊戲障礙症、無手機恐懼症和心理困擾之間的相關性。
4. 比較香港、台灣和越南三個不同地區的假設模型，並探討這些地區之間的跨文化差異。
研究方法：
本研究採用橫斷式研究設計，並使用便利抽樣法招募來自台灣、香港和越南的大學生。為分析翻譯量表的心理計量學特性，本研究進行了驗證性因素分析 (CFA)、內部一致性檢定和皮爾森相關分析。另外，本研究也執行結構方程模型 (SEM) 以檢驗提出的概念模型。
結果與討論：
越南語版和香港繁體中文版的 GDT 和 GADIS-A 皆展現出令人滿意的心理計量學特性。結構方程模型 (SEM) 的結果顯示，台灣、香港和越南三地在遊戲障礙症、無手機恐懼症和心理困擾之間的關係存在顯著的地區差異。皮爾森相關分析顯示，研究變項之間存在顯著的正相關。中介分析進一步證實，無手機恐懼症在這三個地區都顯著中介了遊戲障礙症與心理困擾之間的關係。
結論：
本研究證實越南語版和香港繁體中文版的 GDT 和 GADIS-A 是心理計量學特性良好的工具，適合評估年輕族群遊戲障礙症嚴重程度並且具備跨文化的適應性。跨文化比較的研究結果揭示了所提出模型存在顯著的地區差異，這表明社會文化因素會影響遊戲障礙症、無手機恐懼症和心理困擾之間的關係。未來的研究需要進一步探討遊戲障礙症、無手機恐懼症和心理困擾之間潛在的作用機制。

INTRODUCTION
With the widespread usage of digital gaming and smartphone, gaming addiction has emerged as a critical public health issue. The DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) encompass nine specific indicators, with a focus on the motivation of gaming as an escape from negative feeling. The ICD-11 classifies Gaming Disorder (GD) as a form of behavioral addiction, and the framework emphasizing broader diagnostic requirements. The differences between two diagnostic frameworks have resulted in the development of gaming addiction measurement tools which focus on different aspects of the disorder.
Assessment instruments derived from the WHO framework, such as the Gaming Disorder Scale for Adolescents (GADIS-A) and the Gaming Disorder Test (GDT), have demonstrated robust psychometric properties across various translated versions. Prior to the present study has begin, there is a notable absence of Vietnamese and Hong Kong Traditional Chinese versions of the two instruments. Consequently, the validation of the translated version are crucial for effectively assessing the severity of GD in Vietnam and Hong Kong.
In contrast to gaming addiction, nomophobia is a relatively novel concept whichoriginally defined as the experience of anxiety, tension, discomfort, or distress when one's mobile phone was absent. As smartphones and the internet have become increasingly important in daily life, the impact of nomophobia on young adults has also become a significant public health issue.
Previous research has extensively explored the associations between Gaming Disorder (GD) and psychological distress(PD), as well as the association between nomophobia and mental health problems. However, few literature simultaneously examine GD, nomophobia, and PD within a single framework.
Moreover, current research often focuses on single jurisdictions or countries, lack of studies comparing the same hypothetical model of GD, nomophobia, and PD across different jurisdictions.
Aim
1. To validate the psychometric properties of the Vietnamese version of the GDT and the GADIS-A.
2. To validate the psychometric properties of the Hong Kong traditional Chinese version of the GDT and GADIS-A.
3. To explore the correlation between GD, nomophobia, and PD.
4. To compare the hypothesized model among three different jurisdictions: Hong Kong, Taiwan and Vietnam. Explore the cross-cultural differences between these jurisdictions.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study adopted a cross-sectional design and utilized convenience sampling method to recruit university students from Taiwan, Hong Kong and Vietnam. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), internal consistency testing and Pearson’s correlation were performed to analysis the psychometric properties of the translated scales. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was conducted to test the proposed conceptual model.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Both Vietnamese version and Hong Kong traditional Chinese version of GDT and GADIS-A demonstrated satisfactory psychometric properties. SEM results revealed significant regional differences in the relationships among GD, nomophobia, PD across Taiwan, Hong Kong and Vietnam. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed significant positive associations among the study variables. Mediation analysis further confirmed that nomophobia significantly mediated the relationship between GD and PD in all three jurisdictions.
CONCLUSION
This study confirmed that the Vietnamese and Hong Kong Traditional Chinese versions of the GDT and GADIS-A as culturally appropriate and psychometrically sound instruments for assessing the severity of GD among young adults. Cross-cultural comparisons revealed significant regional differences in the proposed model, suggesting the impact of sociocultural factors on the relationship between GD, nomophobia and PD. Future studies are required to understand the underlying mechanisms linking GD, nomophobia and PD.

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