南極地區距離人類活動遙遠且少有人為汙染，因此比起其他地區相對單純，適合用以探討全球環境變遷。本研究藉由鈾釷系同位素與碳質物在南極湖泊沉積物岩芯L2-2中之變化，重建該地區之古環境變遷。由鉛-210定年結果表明，該地區擁有相較於其他副極地湖泊更高的沉積速率，這部分可能與湖泊面積大小、鄰近冰川與具有高度侵蝕作用有關，其中過剩鉛隨深度的變化反映著氣候上季節性的變化。而在鈾釷同位素示蹤風化過程的部分，結果表明該地區主要由物理風化主導，少數層位則明顯有相對強烈的化學風化過程。另外，傳統使用可反應環境中氧化還原變化的鈾-238，在本岩芯中並未有明顯變化趨勢。反觀以釷-228/釷-232活度比值而言，其誤差小且隨深度呈現明顯變化，指示著岩芯由表層至底層短短八年內經歷三次環境變化，這部分則是與短期氣候變化相關。更在此提出比起傳統使用之鈾-238，釷-228/釷-232活度比值反應更具代表性，同時也指示著該地區具有地下水的活動。本研究亦發現，前人文獻中指出同樣具備指示環境狀態能力的鈾-238與總有機碳隨深度變化趨勢並不相同，因此，本研究以溫度做為區別碳質物之來源與類型的依據，將碳質物區分為湖相與陸相有機碳、以及石墨質碳三大類，得到該區域主要由湖相來源之有機碳與無法指示環境氧化還原狀態之石墨質碳成分所主導，並發現單純以總有機碳值做為環境狀態指標並不具代表性，因此，有別於前人文獻，本研究提出一個新的環境狀態指標－TOC300，說明以該區域而言，對於指示環境氧化還原狀態具備代表性者，僅有300°C以下可被分解的有機碳，並且得到與釷同位素一致的氧化還原結果，同時發現TOC300有與過剩鉛類似的指數衰減情形，計算有機碳降解速率常數可得到有機碳在該地區的停留時間約僅有十年左右。

Continuous sediment accumulation in Antarctic lakes provides useful information on past environmental/climatic changes in polar region. To reconstruct such changes, a sediment core (L2-2) was collected from a lake basin in the Antarctica for the analysis of U- and Th-series isotopes and carbon contents. The measured excess 210Pb activities show a decreasing trend with depth, superimposed by about 7-8 cyclical changes through the core. The results give a mean sedimentation rate of ~4.68±1.81 cm/yr and a seasonal variability in excess 210Pb flux to the lake. Activity ratios of 234U/238U and 230Th/238U show an intense physical weathering in the study site proving the high sedimentation rate. Against conventional view, 238U activity do not show apparent variation through the core. On the contrary, 228Th/232Th ratios with lower errors and distinct variation indicates three times changes of redox conditions within 8 years which is related to precipitation and sea ice albedo. Different from previous researches, it is found in this study that 228Th/232Th ratio showed a more sensitive response in environmental redox conditions than conventional use of 238U. Against a typical view, we find no simple correlation between 238U activity and organic carbon content in core L2-2. Our study find out the existence of graphitic carbon in Antarctica and shows that carbonaceous materials in the core occur mainly in the form of graphitic carbon and labile organic carbon of lacustrine origin. Both 228Th/232Th and organic carbon content of lacustrine origin can be used as a paleo-redox indicator of the ancient lakes.

Accardi-Dey, A. M. (2003) Black Carbon in marine sediments: quantification and implications for the sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, pp. 1-279.
Anawar, H. M., Yoshioka, T., Konohira, E., Akai, J., Freitas, M. C. and Tareq, S. M. (2010) Sources of organic carbon and depositional environment in the Bengal delta plain sediments during the Holocene period. Limnology, 11, pp. 133-142.
Anderson, R. F., LeHuray, A. P., Fleisher, M. Q. and Murray, J. W. (1989) Uranium deposition in Saanich Inlet sediments, Vancouver Island. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, pp. 2205-2213.
Appleby, P. G. and Oldfield, F. (1978) The calculation of lead-210 dates assuming a constant rate of supply of unsupported Pb-210 to the sediment. Catena, 5, pp. 1-8.
Bateman, H. (1910) The solution of a system of differential equations occurring in the theory of radioactive transformations. In Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society, Vol. 15, pp. 423-427.
Blyth, R. I. R., Buqa, H., Netzer, F. P., Ramsey, M. G., Besenhard, J. O., Golob, P. and Winter, M. (2000) XPS studies of graphite electrode materials for lithium ion batteries. Applied Surface Science, 167, pp. 99-106.
Bourdon, B., Turner, S., Henderson, G. M. and Lundstrom, C. C. (2003) Introduction to U-series geochemistry. In: Bourdon, B., Henderson, G. M., Lundstrom, C. C., Turner, S. P. (Eds.), Uranium-series geochemistry. Geochemical Society-Mineralogical Society of America, 52, pp. 1-21.
Bromwich, D. H., Nicolas, J. P., Monaghan, A. J., Lazzara, M. A., Keller, L. M., Weidner, G. A. and Wilson, A. B. (2013) Central West Antarctica among the most rapidly warming regions on Earth. Nature Geoscience, 6, pp. 139-145.
Chabaux, F., Bourdon, B. and Riotte, J. (2008) U-series geochemistry in weathering profiles, river waters and lakes. In: Krishnaswami, S., Cochran, J. K. (Eds.), U-Th series nuclides in aquatic systems. Radioactivity in the environment, 13, pp. 49-104.
Chabaux, F., Riotte, J. and Dequincey, O. (2003) U-Th-Ra fractionation during weathering and river transport. In: Bourdon, B., Henderson, G. M., Lundstrom, C. C., Turner, S. P. (Eds.), Uranium-series geochemistry. Geochemical Society-Mineralogical Society of America, 52, pp. 533-576.
Chen, S. R. (2010) Quantitative analysis of black carbon and its applications to environmental studies. master's thesis, National Cheng Kung University, pp. 19-28.
Chu, W. L. (2010) Uranium-series radioisotopes as a tracer to understand the continental weathering and marginal-sea geochemical process. master's thesis, National Cheng Kung University, pp. 11-20.
Dantas, G. P. d. M., Oliveira, L. R. d., Marasco, A. C. M., Araujo, J. d., Hurtado, R., Durigon, E. L., Fillipo, L. F. S. and Morgante, J. S. (2014) Demographic History of the Gentoo Penguin (Pygoscelis papua) and the Adélie Penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) on Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Antarctica. Waterbirds, 37, pp. 410-418.
De Corte, F., Umans, H., Vandenberghe, D., De Wispelaere, A. and Van den Haute, P. (2005) Direct gamma-spectrometric measurement of the Ra-226 186.2 keV line for detecting U-238/Ra-226 disequilibrium in determining the environmental dose rate for the luminescence dating of sediments. Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 63, pp. 589-598.
DePaolo, D. J., Maher, K., Christensen, J. N. and McManus, J. (2006) Sediment transport time measured with U-series isotopes: Results from ODP North Atlantic drift site 984. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 248, pp. 394-410.
Dosseto, A., Bourdon, B. and Turner, S. P. (2008) Uranium-series isotopes in river materials: Insights into the timescales of erosion and sediment transport. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 265, pp. 1-17.
Ducklow, H. W., Baker, K., Martinson, D. G., Quetin, L. B., Ross, R. M., Smith, R. C., Stammerjohn, S. E., Vernet, M. and Fraser, W. (2007) Marine pelagic ecosystems: The West Antarctic Peninsula. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 362, pp. 67-94.
Dunn, R. J. K., Welsh, D. T., Teasdale, P. R., Lee, S. Y., Lemckert, C. J. and Meziane, T. (2008) Investigating the distribution and sources of organic matter in surface sediment of Coombabah Lake (Australia) using elemental, isotopic and fatty acid biomarkers. Continental Shelf Research, 28, pp. 2535-2549.
Ferronsky, V. I. and Polyakov, V. A. (1982) Environmental Isotopes in the Hydrosphere. (S. V. Ferronsky Trans.). J. Wiley & Sons New York.
Gascoyne, M. (1982) Geochemistry of the actinides and their daughters. In: M. Ivanovich and R. S. Harmon (Eds.), Uranium Series Disequilibria: Applications to Environmental Problems Clarendon, Oxford, pp. 33-55.
Goldstein, S. J. and Stirling, C. H. (2003) Techniques for measuring uranium-series nuclides: 1992-2002. In: Boudon, B., Henderson, G. M., Lundstrom, C. C., Turner, S. P. (Eds.), Uranium-series geochemistry. Reviews in Mineralogy & Geochemistry, 52, pp. 23-57.
Gustafsson, Ö., Bucheli, T. D., Kukulska, Z., Andersson, M., Largeau, C., Rouzaud, J. N., Reddy, C. M. and Eglinton, T. I. (2001) Evaluation of a protocol for the quantification of black carbon in sediments. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 15, pp. 881-890.
Gustafsson, Ö., Haghseta, F., Chan, C., MacFarlane, J. and Gschwend, P. M. (1997) Quantification of the dilute sedimentary soot phase: Implications for PAH speciation and bioavailability. Environmental Science & Technology, 31, pp. 203-209.
Harig, C. and Simons, F. J. (2015) Accelerated West Antarctic ice mass loss continues to outpace East Antarctic gains. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 415, pp. 134-141.
Hashimoto, T., Aoyagi, Y., Kudo, H. and Sotobayashi, T. (1985) Range calculation of alpha-recoil atoms in some minerals using LSS-theory. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 90, pp. 415-438.
Hasholt, B., Walling, D. E. and Owens, P. N. (2000) Sedimentation in arctic proglacial lakes: Mittivakkat Glacier, south-east Greenland. Hydrological Processes, 14, pp. 679-699.
Hellmuth, K. H., Siitari-Kauppi, M., Rauhala, E., Johanson, B., Zilliacus, R., Gijbels, R. and Adriaens, A. (1994) Reactions of high-FeO olivine rock with groundwater and redox-sensitive elements studied by surface-analytical methods and autoradiography. Scientific Basis for Nuclear Waste Management XVII. Symposium, pp. 947-953.
Jonker, M. T. O. and Koelmans, A. A. (2001) Polyoxymethylene solid phase extraction as a partitioning method for hydrophobic organic chemicals in sediment and soot. Environmental Science & Technology, 35, pp. 3742-3748.
Kehelpannala, K. V. W. (1999) Epigenetic vein graphite mineralization in the granulite terrain of Sri Lanka. Gondwana Research, 2, pp. 654-657.
Kern, R. A. and Schlesinger, W. H. (1992) Carbon stores in vegetation. Nature, 357, pp. 447-448.
Kigoshi, K. (1971) Alpha-recoil thorium-234: Dissolution into water and the uranium-234/uranium-238 disequilibrium in nature. Science, 173, pp. 47-48.
King, A. L. and Millington, K. R. (2013) Trace metals can affect hydroxyl radical production and yellowing of photo-irradiated wool. Journal of the Textile Institute, 104, pp. 648-654.
Krishnaswami, S. (1976) Authigenic transition-elements in pacific pelagic clays. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 40, pp. 425-434.
Kuhlbusch, T. A. J. (1995) Method for determining black carbon in residues of vegetation fires. Environmental Science & Technology, 29, pp. 2695-2702.
Lafargue, E., Marquis, F. and Pillot, D. (1998) Rock-Eval 6 applications in hydrocarbon exploration, production, and soil contamination studies. Revue De L Institut Francais Du Petrole, 53, pp. 421-437.
Luo, S. and Ku, T.-L. (1999) Oceanic Pa-231/Th-230 ratio influenced by particle composition and remineralization. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 167, pp. 183-195.
Luthcke, S. B., Sabaka, T., Loomis, B., Arendt, A., McCarthy, J. and Camp, J. (2013) Antarctica, Greenland and Gulf of Alaska land-ice evolution from an iterated GRACE global mascon solution. Journal of Glaciology, 59, pp. 613-631.
Maher, K., DePaolo, D. J. and Christensen, J. N. (2006) U-Sr isotopic speedometer: Fluid flow and chemical weathering rates in aquifers. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 70, pp. 4417-4435.
Martin, L. (2002) Nuclides and Isotopes. Knolls Atomic Power Laboratory, Inc (16th ed.), Maryland, pp. 66-71.
Martinez-Ruiz, F., Kastner, M., Gallego-Torres, D., Rodrigo-Gamiz, M., Nieto-Moreno, V. and Ortega-Huertas, M. (2015) Paleoclimate and paleoceanography over the past 20,000 yr in the Mediterranean Sea Basins as indicated by sediment elemental proxies. Quaternary Science Reviews, 107, pp. 25-46.
Michel, R. F. M., Schaefer, C. E. G. R., López-Martínez, J., Simas, F. N. B., Haus, N. W., Serrano, E. and Bockheim, J. G. (2014) Soils and landforms from Fildes Peninsula and Ardley Island, Maritime Antarctica. Geomorphology, 225, pp. 76-86.
Mitrovica, J., Gomez, N., Morrow, E., Hay, C., Latychev, K. and Tamisiea, M. (2011) On the robustness of predictions of sea level fingerprints. Geophysical Journal International, 187, pp. 729-742.
Moore, E. A. and Kurtz, A. C. (2008) Black carbon in Paleocene–Eocene boundary sediments: A test of biomass combustion as the PETM trigger. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 267, pp. 147-152.
Nuttin, L. and Hillaire-Marcel, C. (2015) U- and Th-series isotopes in deep Baffin Bay sediments: Tracers of detrital sources and of contrasted glacial/interglacial sedimentary processes. Marine Geology, 361, pp. 1-10.
Olivares, M., Pizarro, F., Pineda, O., Name, J. J., Hertrampf, E. and Walter, T. (1997) Milk inhibits and ascorbic acid favors ferrous bis-glycine chelate bioavailability in humans. Journal of Nutrition, 127, pp. 1407-1411.
Oppenheimer, M. (1998) Global warming and the stability of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Nature, 393, pp. 325-332.
Øvstedal, D. O. and Lewis-Smith, R. I. (2001) Lichens of Antarctica and South Georgia: a guide to their identification and ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 411.
Paolo, F. S., Fricker, H. A. and Padman, L. (2015) Volume loss from Antarctic ice shelves is accelerating. Science, 348, pp. 327-331.
Poot, A., Quik, J. T., Veld, H. and Koelmans, A. A. (2009) Quantification methods of Black Carbon: Comparison of Rock-Eval analysis with traditional methods. Journal of Chromatography A, 1216, pp. 613-622.
Procelli, D. (2008) Investigating groundwater processes using U- and Th-series nuclides. In: Krishnaswami, S., Cochran, J. K. (Eds.), U-Th series nuclides in aquatic systems. Radioactivity in the environment, 13, pp. 105-153.
Rakusa-Suszczewski, S., Mietus, M. and Piasecki, J. (1993) Weather and climate. In: Rakusa-Sszczewski, S. (Ed.), The Maritime Antarctic Coastal Ecosystem of Admiralty Bay, Department of Antarctic Biology. Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, pp. 19-25.
Raymo, M. E. and Mitrovica, J. X. (2012) Collapse of polar ice sheets during the stage 11 interglacial. Nature, 483, pp. 453-456.
Rumble, D. and Hoering, T. C. (1986) Carbon isotope geochemistry of graphite vein deposits from New Hampshire, USA. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 50, pp. 1239-1247.
Sakaguchi, A., Yamamoto, M., Sasaki, K. and Kashiwaya, K. (2006) Uranium and thorium isotope distribution in an offshore bottom sediment core of the Selenga Delta, Lake Baikal, Siberia. Journal of Paleolimnology, 35, pp. 807-818.
Sakaguchi, A., Yamamoto, M., Shimizu, T. and Koshimizu, S. (2005) Geochemical record of U and Th isotopes in bottom sediments of Lake Kawaguchi at the foot of Mt. Fuji, Central Japan. Journal of radioanalytical and nuclear chemistry, 262, pp. 617-628.
San Miguel, E. G., Perez-Moreno, J. P., Bolivar, J. P., Garcia-Tenorio, R. and Martin, J. E. (2002) Pb-210 determination by gamma spectrometry in voluminal samples (cylindrical geometry). Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research, 493, pp. 111-120.
Sanei, H., Stasiuk, L. D. and Goodarzi, F. (2005) Petrological changes occurring in organic matter from Recent lacustrine sediments during thermal alteration by Rock-Eval pyrolysis. Organic Geochemistry, 36, pp. 1190-1203.
Sanyal, P., Acharya, B. C., Bhattacharya, S. K., Sarkar, A., Agrawal, S. and Bera, M. K. (2009) Origin of graphite, and temperature of metamorphism in Precambrian Eastern Ghats Mobile Belt, Orissa, India: A carbon isotope approach. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 36, pp. 252-260.
Sasgen, I., Konrad, H., Ivins, E., Van den Broeke, M., Bamber, J., Martinec, Z. and Klemann, V. (2013) Antarctic ice-mass balance 2003 to 2012: regional reanalysis of GRACE satellite gravimetry measurements with improved estimate of glacial-isostatic adjustment based on GPS uplift rates. The Cryosphere, 7, pp. 1499-1512.
Schidlowski, M., Hayes, J. and Kaplan, I. (1983) Isotopic inferences of ancient biochemistries: carbon, sulfur, hydrogen, and nitrogen. In: Schopf, J.W. (Ed.), Earth's earliest Biosphere, Its Origin and Evolution. Princeton University Press, pp. 149-186.
Schmeide, K., Guertler, S., Mueller, K., Steudtner, R., Joseph, C., Bok, F. and Brendler, V. (2014) Interaction of U(VI) with Aspo diorite: A batch and in situ ATR FT-IR sorption study. Applied Geochemistry, 49, pp. 116-125.
Schott, B. and Wiegand, J. (2003) Processes of radionuclide enrichment in sediments and ground waters of Mont Vully (Canton Fribourg, Switzerland). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae, 96, pp. 99-107.
Shao, Z.-D. and Ke, C.-Q. (2015) Spring–summer albedo variations of Antarctic sea ice from 1982 to 2009. Environmental Research Letters, 10, 064001.
Shen, C., Liu, T., Yi, W., Sun, Y., Jiang, M., Beer, J. and Bonani, G. (1998) C-14 dating of terrestrial moss in tern lake deposits, Antarctica. Radiocarbon, 40, pp. 849-854.
Smellie, J. L., Pankhurst, R. J., Thomson, M. R. A. and Davies, R. E. S. (1984) The geology of the South Shetland Islands: VI. stratigraphy geochemistry and evolution. British Antarctic Survey Scientific Reports, 87, pp. 1-85.
Sobek, S., Anderson, N. J., Bernasconi, S. M. and Del Sontro, T. (2014) Low organic carbon burial efficiency in arctic lake sediments. Journal of Geophysical Research-Biogeosciences, 119, pp. 1231-1243.
Souza, V. L. B. d., Rodrigues, K. R. G., Pedroza, E. H., Melo, R. T. d., Lima, V. L. d., Hazin, C. A., Almeida, M. G. O. d. and Nascimento, R. K. d. (2012) Sedimentation rate and Pb-210 sediment dating at Apipucos Reservoir, Recife, Brazil. Sustainability, 4, pp. 2419-2429.
Sun, Q., Kong, D., Miao, C., Duan, Q., Yang, T., Ye, A., Di, Z. and Gong, W. (2014) Variations in global temperature and precipitation for the period of 1948 to 2010. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 186, pp. 5663-5679.
Swarzenski, P. W., Campbell, P. L., Osterman, L. E. and Poore, R. Z. (2008) A 1000-year sediment record of recurring hypoxia off the Mississippi River: The potential role of terrestrially-derived organic matter inputs. Marine Chemistry, 109, pp. 130-142.
Światowska, J., Lair, V., Pereira-Nabais, C., Cote, G., Marcus, P. and Chagnes, A. (2011) XPS, XRD and SEM characterization of a thin ceria layer deposited onto graphite electrode for application in lithium-ion batteries. Applied Surface Science, 257, pp. 9110-9119.
Tanner, P. A., Pan, S. M., Mao, S. Y. and Yu, K. N. (2000) gamma-Ray spectrometric and alpha-counting method comparison for the determination of Pb-210 in estuarine sediments. Applied Spectroscopy, 54, pp. 1443-1446.
Taylor, S. R. (1964) Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust-a new table. Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 28, pp. 1273-1285.
Tsai, M.-H. (2014) Tracing continental weathering and estuarine redox conditions with U/Th isotopes in Pearl River estuarine sediments. master's thesis, National Cheng Kung University, pp. 36-42.
Tsai, Y. J. (2007) Use of Diatomaceous Uranium Isotope Ratio in Lake Sediments to Study the Past Changes of Weathering in Taiwan. master's thesis, National Cheng Kung University, pp. 1-7.
Turkowsk.C (1969) Electron-microscopic observation of artificially produced alpha-recoil tracks in albite. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 5, pp. 492-497.
Vanderweijden, C. H., Middelburg, J. J., Delange, G. J., Vandersloot, H. A., Hoede, D. and Woittiez, J. R. W. (1990) Profiles of the redox-sensitive trace-elements as As, Sb, V, Mo and U inthe Tyro and Bannock Basins (eastern Mediterranean). Marine Chemistry, 31, pp. 171-186.
Velicogna, I. and Wahr, J. (2013) Time‐variable gravity observations of ice sheet mass balance: Precision and limitations of the GRACE satellite data. Geophysical Research Letters, 40, pp. 3055-3063.
Wen, J., Kang, J., Xie, Z., Han, J. and Lluberas, A. (1994) Climate, mass balance and glacial changes on small dome of Collins Ice Cap, King George Island, Antarctica. Antarctic Research, 5, pp. 52-61.
Wiegand, J. (2001) A guideline for the evaluation of the soil radon potential based on geogenic and anthropogenic parameters. Environmental Geology, 40, pp. 949-963.
Wu, F., Xu, L., Liao, H., Guo, F., Zhao, X. and Giesy, J. P. (2013) Relationship between mercury and organic carbon in sediment cores from Lakes Qinghai and Chenghai, China. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 13, pp. 1084-1092.
Yan, Z., Zhuxia, Z., Tianbao, L., Xuguang, L. and Bingshe, X. (2008) XPS and XRD study of FeCl3–graphite intercalation compounds prepared by arc discharge in aqueous solution. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 70, pp. 1060-1064.
刘耕年、崔之久 (1997) 南极长城站区松散沉积物的粒度特征及环境意义。冰川冻土，19，頁30-37。