本研究共調查了兩座醫療廢棄物焚化爐(MWI-A、MWI-B)、兩座民生廢棄物焚化爐(MSWI-A、MSWI-B)以及一座燃煤火力發電廠(CFPP)中之多溴二苯醚於工業加熱製程之煙道氣以及各空氣汙染防治設備單元中之含量以前發展多溴二苯醚之削減及控制技術。此外，本研究亦採集了周界大氣之樣本以便了解這些排放源對於周遭環境之衝擊。
本研究因MSWI-A、MSWI-B以及CFPP此三者之每日處理容量而選定其為調查對象。以叢集分析調查煙道排放之多溴二苯醚與各周界大氣受體採樣點採得之多溴二苯醚的特徵相似性，並判定相關性。結果顯示，兩者間並無直接相關性。之後，本研究以Industrial Source Complex Short Term 3 (ISCST3)進行多溴二苯醚之大氣擴散模擬，根據模擬結果， MSWI-A、MSWI-B以及CFPP各僅貢獻採樣期間0.0173% ±0.0194%的總多溴二苯醚濃度。因此，叢集分析及擴散摹擬的結果顯示MSWI-A、MSWI-B以及CFPP並非環境中主要的多溴二苯醚來源，也因此，由空氣汙染防治設備採得之飛灰可能是較為急迫的環境問題。
為調查其多溴二苯醚之去除率及多溴二苯醚之質量分布，本研究選定兩座日處理量相仿但分別配置單濾袋(MWI-A)及雙濾袋系統(MWIB)之醫療廢棄物焚化爐，。單濾袋系統(MWI-A)之多溴二苯醚去除效率為99.60%，但其每噸垃圾須消耗60.1公斤的活性碳以吸附汙染物，而雙濾袋系統(MWI-B)的多溴二苯醚去除效率為99.86%，與MWI-A之結果相近，但其每噸垃圾僅須消耗15.9公斤的活性碳以吸附汙染物，因此可減少棘手的廢棄活性碳處置問題。本研究考慮兩種可能途徑為多溴二苯醚在雙濾袋系統中之去除機制。其一為粒狀及部分的氣狀多溴二苯醚遭單濾袋率先去除，之後剩下的氣狀多溴二苯醚因而能由第二個濾袋較好的吸收；其二為顆粒大小，較大的顆粒較易由濾袋去除。根據以上結果，將能建立目前付之闕如的多溴二苯醚之控制策略進行改進並而進一步的減少廢棄活性碳及多溴二苯醚進入環境中。

In this study, two medical waste incinerators (MWI-A and MWI-B), two municipal solid incinerators (MSWI-A and MSWI-B) and a coal fired power plant were investigated for PBDE concentrations and contents in the heating process for developing control and reduction technique for PBDEs. Ambient air samples were also collected in order to determine the impact caused by these plants to the environments.
MSWI-A, MSWI-A and CFPP were chosen to assess their impacts to the surrounding via cluster analysis and dispersion modeling because they have much larger treatment capacities per day than those of MWIs. Cluster analysis was first carried out to determine the relationship of PBDE characteristics between each spot. Later, PBDE dispersion modeling in the atmosphere was applied by using ISCST3 (Industrial Source Complex Short Term 3) to assess the impact of the above two municipal solid waste incinerators and one coal-fired power plant on the ambient air. The total-PBDE concentrations in the ambient air were between 24.9 and 139 pg Nm-3, averaging 59.8 pg Nm-3 (n = 16). The BDE-209was the most predominant among all 14 PBDE congeners, which contributed more than 58% of total-PBDE mass to the ambient air. However, the results of cluster analysis indicated that no direct correlations existed among the emission sources (MSWI-A, MSWI-B, CFPP) and the receptors (sampling sites). From the results of dispersion modeling, the a total PBDE concentration in ambient air contributed by the MSWI-A, MSWI-B, CFPP together were found to be 0.0173% ±0.0194% during the sampling period. Hence, the results of both cluster analysis and dispersion modeling showed that MSWI-A, MSWI-B, and CFPP were not the major contributors of PBDEs to the ambient air environment. The ashes collected from the air pollution control devices of both the MSWIs and the CFPP are probably a more imminent environmental issue.
Furthermore, two continuously operating medical waste incinerators (MWIs), MWI-A and MWI-B, were investigated for the PBDE removal efficiencies of the air pollution control devices and their PBDE mass distributions. The mean PBDE removal efficiency by the single bag filter system with 60.1 kg-activated carbon (AC) tonne-waste-1 of MWI-A was 99.60%, while that by the dual bag filter system with 15.9 kg AC tonne-waste-1 of MWI-B was 99.86%. While the removal efficiencies are similar, dual bag filter system can tremendously reduce activated carbon usage in the system.
According to the results, control strategies for the PBDE removal in medical waste incinerators should be further improved to reduce the discharge of PBDEs and wasted activated carbon to the environment.

Allen, J.G., McClean, M.D., Stapleton, H.M., Nelson, J.W., & Webster, T.F. (2007). Personal exposure to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in residential indoor air. Environ Sci Technol, 41, 4574-4579.
Artha, A.A., Wu, E.M.Y., Wang, L.C., Chen, C.H., & Chang-Chien, G.P. (2011). Thermal Formation of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Raw and Water-Washed Fly Ash. Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 11, 393-400.
Batterman, S.A., Chernyak, S., Jia, C.R., Godwin, C., & Charles, S. (2009). Concentrations and Emissions of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers from US Houses and Garages. Environ Sci Technol, 43, 2693-2700.
Bocio, A., Llobet, J.M., Domingo, J.L., Corbella, J., Teixido, A., & Casas, C. (2003). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in foodstuffs: Human exposure through the diet. J. Agr. Food Chem., 51, 3191-3195.
Buekens, A., & Huang, H. (1998). Comparative evaluation of techniques for controlling the formation and emission of chlorinated dioxins/furans in municipal waste incineration. J. Hazard. Mater., 62, 1-33.
Cahill, T.M., Groskova, D., Charles, M.J., Sanborn, J.R., Denison, M.S., & Baker, L. (2007). Atmospheric concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers at near-source sites. Environ Sci Technol, 41, 6370-6377.
Chang, M.B., Huang, H.C., Tsai, S.S., Chi, K.H., & Chang-Chien, G.P. (2006). Evaluation of the emission characteristics of PCDD/Fs from electric are furnaces. Chemosphere, 62, 1761-1773.
Chang, S.S., Lee, W.J., Wang, L.C., Lin, N.H., & Chang-Chien, G.P. Influence of the Southeast Asian biomass burnings on the atmospheric persistent organic pollutants observed at near sources and receptor site. Atmos Environ.
Chen, C.K., Lin, C., Wang, L.C., & Chang-Chien, G.P. (2006). The size distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the bottom ash of municipal solid waste incinerators. Chemosphere, 65, 7-7.
Chen, L.G., Mai, B.X., Xu, Z.C., Peng, X.C., Han, J.L., Ran, Y., Sheng, G.Y., & Fu, J.M. (2008). In- and outdoor sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their human inhalation exposure in Guangzhou, China. Atmos Environ, 42, 78-86.
Darnerud, P.O., Aune, M., Larsson, L., & Hallgren, S. (2007). Plasma PBDE and thyroxine levels in rats exposed to Bromkal or BDE-47. Chemosphere, 67, S386-S392.
Devanathan, G., Subramanian, A., Sudaryanto, A., Takahashi, S., Isobe, T., & Tanabe, S. (2012). Brominated flame retardants and polychlorinated biphenyls in human breast milk from several locations in India: Potential contaminant sources in a municipal dumping site. Environ. Int., 39, 87-95.
Duan, H., Li, J., Liu, Y., Yamazaki, N., & Jiang, W. (2011). Characterization and Inventory of PCDD/Fs and PBDD/Fs Emissions from the Incineration of Waste Printed Circuit Board. Environ Sci Technol, 45, 6322-6328.
Dumler, R., Thoma, H., Lenoir, D., & Hutzinger, O. (1989). PBDF and PBDD from the combustion of bromine containing flame retarded polymers - A survey. Chemosphere, 19, 2023-2031.
Eguchi, A., Isobe, T., Ramu, K., Tue, N.M., Sudaryanto, A., Devanathan, G., Viet, P.H., Tana, R.S., Takahashi, S., Subramanian, A., & Tanabe, S. (2012). Soil contamination by brominated flame retardants in open waste dumping sites in Asian developing countries. Chemosphere.
Ellis-Hutchings, R.G., Cherr, G.N., Hanna, L.A., & Keen, C.L. (2006). Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE)-induced alterations in vitamin A and thyroid hormone concentrations in the rat during lactation and early postnatal development. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 215, 135-145.
EPA., U.S. (2010). An Exposure Assessment of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDE) (Final). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
Eriksson, P., Jakobsson, E., & Fredriksson, A. (2001). Brominated Flame Retardants: A Novel Class of Developmental Neurotoxicants in Our Environment? Environ. Health Persp., 109, 903-908.
Eriksson, P., Viberg, H., Jakobsson, E., Örn, U., & Fredriksson, A. (2002). A Brominated Flame Retardant, 2,2`,4,4`,5-Pentabromodiphenyl Ether: Uptake, Retention, and Induction of Neurobehavioral Alterations in Mice during a Critical Phase of Neonatal Brain Development. Toxicol. Sci., 67, 98-103.
European Commission. (2002). European Union Risk Assessment Report: Bis(pentabromophenyl ether). In 1st Priority List(Edited Editor), Book European Union Risk Assessment Report: Bis(pentabromophenyl ether) (Vol. 17). European Commission Joint Research Centre, City.
Farrar, N.J., Smith, K.E.C., Lee, R.G.M., Thomas, G.O., Sweetman, A.J., & Jones, K.C. (2004). Atmospheric emissions of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and other persistent organic pollutants during a major anthropogenic combustion event. Environ Sci Technol, 38, 1681-1685.
Fowles, J.R., Fairbrother, A., Baecher-Steppan, L., & Kerkvliet, N.I. (1994). Immunologic and endocrine effects of the flame-retardant pentabromodiphenyl ether (DE-71) in C57BL/6J mice. Toxicology, 86, 49-61.
Halász, A. (1996). PCDD/F EMISSION CONTROL BY INTERMEDIATE DUST REMOVAL AT MEDICAL WASTE INCINERATORS. Waste Management & Research, 14, 3-14.
Hale, R.C., Kim, S.L., Harvey, E., La Guardia, M.J., Mainor, T.M., Bush, E.O., & Jacobs, E.M. (2008). Antarctic research bases: Local sources of polybrominated diphenlyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. Environ Sci Technol, 42, 1452-1457.
Harrad, S., Hazrati, S., & Ibarra, C. (2006). Concentrations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Indoor Air and Dust and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Indoor Air in Birmingham, United Kingdom: Implications for Human Exposure. Environ Sci Technol, 40, 4633–4638.
Harrad, S., Wijesekera, R., Hunter, S., Halliwell, C., & Baker, R. (2004). Preliminary assessment of UK human dietary and inhalation exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Environ Sci Technol, 38, 2345-2350.
Hites, R.A. (2004). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environment and in people: A meta-analysis of concentrations. Environ Sci Technol, 38, 945-956.
Jiang, Y., Wang, X., Zhu, K., Wu, M., Sheng, G., & Fu, J. (2010). Occurrence, compositional profiles and possible sources of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in urban soils of Shanghai, China. Chemosphere, 80, 131-136.
Johnson-Restrepo, B., & Kannan, K. (2009). An assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the United States. Chemosphere, 76, 542-548.
Kemmlein, S., Hahn, O., & Jann, O. (2003). Emissions of organophosphate and brominated flame retardants from selected consumer products and building materials. Atmos Environ, 37, 5485-5493.
Kim, B.-H., Lee, S., Maken, S., Song, H.-J., Park, J.-W., & Min, B. (2007). Removal characteristics of PCDDs/Fs from municipal solid waste incinerator by dual bag filter (DBF) system. Fuel, 86, 813-819.
Kuriyama, S.N., Talsness, C.E., Grote, K., & Chahoud, I. (2005). Developmental Exposure to Low-Dose PBDE-99: Effects on Male Fertility and Neurobehavior in Rat Offspring. Environ. Health Persp., 113, 149-154.
Kuriyama, S.N., Wanner, A., Fidalgo-Neto, A.A., Talsness, C.E., Koerner, W., & Chahoud, I. (2007). Developmental exposure to low-dose PBDE-99: Tissue distribution and thyroid hormone levels. Toxicology, 242, 80-90.
La Guardia, M.J., Hale, R.C., & Harvey, E. (2006). Detailed polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congener composition of the widely used penta-, octa-, and deca-PBDE technical flame-retardant mixtures. Environ Sci Technol, 40, 6247-6254.
Lai, Y.C., Lee, W.J., Li, H.W., Wang, L.C., & Chang-Chien, G.P. (2007). Inhibition of polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran formation from the pyrolysis of printed circuit boards. Environ Sci Technol, 41, 957-962.
Li, C.T., Huang, Y.J., Huang, K.L., & Lee, W.J. (2003). Characterization of slags and ingots from the vitrification of municipal solid waste incineration ashes. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 42, 2306-2313.
Liang, X., Zhu, S., Chen, P., & Zhu, L. (2010). Bioaccumulation and bioavailability of polybrominated diphynel ethers (PBDEs) in soil. Environ. Pollut., 158, 2387-2392.
Lilienthal, H., Hack, A., Roth-Harer, A., Grande, S.W., & Talsness, C.E. (2006). Effects of developmental exposure to 2,2 ',4,4 ',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) on sex steroids, sexual development, and sexually dimorphic behavior in rats. Environ Health Persp, 114, 194-201.
Lin, L.F., Lee, W.J., Li, H.W., Wang, M.S., & Chang-Chien, G.P. (2007). Characterization and inventory of PCDD/F emissions from coal-fired power plants and other sources in Taiwan. Chemosphere, 68, 1642-1649.
Lin, W.Y., Wang, L.C., Wang, Y.F., Li, H.W., & Chang-Chien, G.P. (2008). Removal characteristics of PCDD/Fs by the dual bag filter system of a fly ash treatment plant. J. Hazard. Mater., 153, 1015-1022.
Lin, Y.M., Zhou, S.Q., Shih, S.I., Lin, S.L., Wang, L.C., & Chang-Chien, G.P. (2012). Emissions of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers during the Thermal Treatment for Electric Arc Furnace Fly Ash. Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 12, 237-250.
Man, Y.B., Lopez, B.N., Wang, H.S., Leung, A.O.W., Chow, K.L., & Wong, M.H. (2011). Cancer risk assessment of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in former agricultural soils of Hong Kong. J. Hazard. Mater., 195, 92-99.
Mandalakis, M., Besis, A., & Stephanou, E.G. (2009). Particle-size distribution and gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric polybrominated diphenyl ethers in urban areas of Greece. Environ. Pollut., 157, 1227-1233.
Mandalakis, M., Stephanou, E.G., Horii, Y., & Kannan, K. (2008). Emerging contaminants in car interiors: Evaluating the impact of airborne PBDEs and PBDD/Fs. Environ Sci Technol, 42, 6431-6436.
Peters, A.K., Nijmeijer, S., Gradin, K., Backlund, M., Bergman, Å., Poellinger, L., Denison, M.S., & Van den Berg, M. (2006). Interactions of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers with the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway. Toxicol. Sci., 92, 133-142.
Prevedouros, K., Jones, K.C., & Sweetman, A.J. (2004). Estimation of the production, consumption, and atmospheric emissions of pentabrominated diphenyl ether in Europe between 1970 and 2000. Environ Sci Technol, 38, 3224-3231.
Sahu, S.K., Bhangare, R.C., Ajmal, P.Y., Sharma, S., Pandit, G.G., & Puranik, V.D. (2009). Characterization and quantification of persistent organic pollutants in fly ash from coal fueled thermal power stations in India. Microchemical Journal, 92, 92-96.
Sakai, S., Hirai, Y., Aizawa, H., Ota, S., & Muroishi, Y. (2006). Emission inventory of deca-brominated diphenyl ether (DBDE) in Japan. J. Mater. Cycles Waste Manag., 8, 56-62.
Sakai, S., Watanabe, J., Honda, Y., Takatsuki, H., Aoki, I., Futamatsu, M., & Shiozaki, K. (2001). Combustion of brominated flame retardants and behavior of its byproducts. Chemosphere, 42, 519-531.
Sjödin, A., Carlsson, H., Thuresson, K., Sjölin, S., Bergman, Å., & Östman, C. (2001). Flame retardants in indoor air at an electronics recycling plant and at other work environments. Environ Sci Technol, 35, 448-454.
Soderstrom, G., Sellstrom, U., De Wit, C.A., & Tysklind, M. (2004). Photolytic debromination of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209). Environ Sci Technol, 38, 127-132.
Stoker, T.E., Laws, S.C., Crofton, K.M., Hedge, J.M., Ferrell, J.M., & Cooper, R.L. (2004). Assessment of DE-71, a Commercial Polybrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE) Mixture, in the EDSP Male and Female Pubertal Protocols. Toxicol. Sci., 78, 144-155.
Talsness, C.E. (2008). Overview of toxicological aspects of polybrominated diphenyl ethers: A flame-retardant additive in several consumer products. Environmental Research, 108, 158-167.
Thoma, H., Hauschulz, G., & Hutzinger, O. (1987). PVC-induced chlorine-bromine exchange in the pyrolysis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers, -biphenyls, -dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. Chemosphere, 16, 297-307.
Tu, L.K., Wu, Y.L., Wang, L.C., & Chang-Chien, G.P. (2011). Distribution of Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in a Coal-fired Power Plant and Two Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators. Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 11, 596-615.
Valavanidis, A., Iliopoulos, N., Fiotakis, K., & Gotsis, G. (2008). Metal leachability, heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls in fly and bottom ashes of a medical waste incineration facility. Waste management & research : the journal of the International Solid Wastes and Public Cleansing Association, ISWA, 26, 247-255.
Viberg, H., Fredriksson, A., & Eriksson, P. (2003). Neonatal exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 153) disrupts spontaneous behaviour, impairs learning and memory, and decreases hippocampal cholinergic receptors in adult mice. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 192, 95-106.
Viberg, H., Fredriksson, A., & Eriksson, P. (2004). Investigations of Strain and/or Gender Differences in Developmental Neurotoxic Effects of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Mice. Toxicol. Sci., 81, 344-353.
Viberg, H., Fredriksson, A., & Eriksson, P. (2007). Changes in spontaneous behaviour and altered response to nicotine in the adult rat, after neonatal exposure to the brominated flame retardant, decabrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE 209). NeuroToxicology, 28, 136-142.
Viberg, H., Fredriksson, A., Jakobsson, E., Örn, U., & Eriksson, P. (2003). Neurobehavioral Derangements in Adult Mice Receiving Decabrominated Diphenyl Ether (PBDE 209) during a Defined Period of Neonatal Brain Development. Toxicol. Sci., 76, 112-120.
Viberg, H., Johansson, N., Fredriksson, A., Eriksson, J., Marsh, G., & Eriksson, P. (2006). Neonatal Exposure to Higher Brominated Diphenyl Ethers, Hepta-, Octa-, or Nonabromodiphenyl Ether, Impairs Spontaneous Behavior and Learning and Memory Functions of Adult Mice. Toxicol. Sci., 92, 211-218.
Wang, D., Cai, Z., Jiang, G., Leung, A., Wong, M.H., & Wong, W.K. (2005). Determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil and sediment from an electronic waste recycling facility. Chemosphere, 60, 810-816.
Wang, L.-C., Lee, W.-J., Lee, W.-S., & Chang-Chien, G.-P. (2011). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in various atmospheric environments of Taiwan: Their levels, source identification and influence of combustion sources. Chemosphere, 84, 936-942.
Wang, L.C., Hsi, H.C., Wang, Y.F., Lin, S.L., & Chang-Chien, G.P. (2010). Distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in municipal solid waste incinerators. Environ. Pollut., 158, 1595-1602.
Wang, L.C., Lee, W.J., Lee, W.S., & Chang-Chien, G.P. (2010). Emission estimation and congener-specific characterization of polybrominated diphenyl ethers from various stationary and mobile sources. Environ. Pollut., 158, 3108-3115.
Wang, L.C., Lee, W.J., Lee, W.S., & Chang-Chien, G.P. (2011). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in various atmospheric environments of Taiwan: Their levels, source identification and influence of combustion sources. Chemosphere, 84, 936-942.
Wang, L.C., Wang, Y.F., Hsi, H.C., & Chang-Chien, G.P. (2010). Characterizing the Emissions of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and Polybrominated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) from Metallurgical Processes. Environ Sci Technol, 44, 1240-1246.
Wang, M.S., Chen, S.J., Lai, Y.C., Huang, K.L., & Chang-Chien, G.P. (2010). Characterization of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Ash Collected from Different Facilities of a Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator. Aerosol Air Qual. Res., 10, 391-402.
Wang, T., Wang, Y., Fu, J., Wang, P., Li, Y., Zhang, Q., & Jiang, G. (2010). Characteristic accumulation and soil penetration of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in wastewater irrigated farmlands. Chemosphere, 81, 1045-1051.
Watanabe, I., & Sakai, S. (2003). Environmental release and behavior of brominated flame retardants. Environ. Int., 29, 665-682.
Weber, R., & Kuch, B. (2003). Relevance of BFRs and thermal conditions on the formation pathways of brominated and brominated-chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans. Environ. Int., 29, 699-710.
Wiles, C.C. (1996). Municipal solid waste combustion ash: State-of-the-knowledge. J. Hazard. Mater., 47, 325-344.
Zhou, T., Ross, D.G., DeVito, M.J., & Crofton, K.M. (2001). Effects of Short-Term in Vivo Exposure to Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers on Thyroid Hormones and Hepatic Enzyme Activities in Weanling Rats. Toxicol. Sci., 61, 76-82.
Zhou, T., Taylor, M.M., DeVito, M.J., & Crofton, K.M. (2002). Developmental Exposure to Brominated Diphenyl Ethers Results in Thyroid Hormone Disruption. Toxicol. Sci., 66, 105-116.