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研究生：	郭基煌 Kuo, Chi-Huang
論文名稱：	使用混沌金鑰串流於REC/RPB架構之多重安全性MPEG視訊加密 Multiple Security Encryption of MPEG Video Based on the REC/RPB Scheme with Chaotic Key Stream
指導教授：	陳進興 Chen, Chin-Hsing
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	電機資訊學院 - 電腦與通信工程研究所 Institute of Computer & Communication Engineering
論文出版年：	2008
畢業學年度：	96
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	85
中文關鍵詞：	混沌、加密、多媒體
外文關鍵詞：	chaos, encryption, multimedia
相關次數：	點閱：49 下載：1
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在多媒體世界裡，影像和視訊加密扮演著越來越重要的角色。為了保護文件資料而發展的演算法並不適合於多媒體，因為多媒體資料量大且有即時的限制。多媒體的資料量很大但是資料的價值較小，這和軍事機密與商業資訊有所不同。現在多媒體加密的趨勢是結合加密在壓縮的過程中。另一方面，混沌現象在自然界具有普遍性，混沌理論和密碼學有緊密的關係，混沌理論已被使用在訊號加密的架構上。

本論文以修改前人提出的REC/RPB架構為基礎，提出了一多重安全性混沌加/解密架構，使使用者可以根據需要選擇三種不同安全性的加密等級。我們以一混沌系統取代REC/RPB的MD5雜湊函數來產生金鑰流。我們證實所使用的混沌金鑰流在金鑰空間大小、串流週期、假隨機數列的隨機性以及串流相關性等特性上均滿足做為一加密金鑰的要求。

本論文提出的多重安全性加密架構經實驗測試的結果顯示加密影像的PSNR均低於8dB。低安全性架構、中安全性架構、高安全性架構的加密的時間分別佔整個壓縮時間的3.78%、4.71%和14.43%(反之，熵編碼後再加密的加密時間佔整個壓縮時間的19.72%)。低安全性的加密架構可以抵禦已知密文攻擊，中安全性的加密架構可以抵禦已知密文攻擊、已知明文攻擊和選擇性明文攻擊，而高安全性加密比中安全性加密更安全。

Image and video encryption plays a more and more important role in today’s multimedia world. The encryption algorithms developed for text data are not suitable for multimedia applications because of large data size and real time constraint. Different from military secrets or financial information, the information rate of multimedia is very high, but information value is relatively low. Recent trends in multimedia encryption research has placed more attention on integrating encryption with compression. Chaos was observed since 1970s in many different research areas, such as physics, mathematics, biology and chemistry, etc. There exists tight relationship between chaos theory and cryptography. Chaotic signal has also been applied to video encryption.

Based on modifying the REC/RPB scheme, this thesis proposed a multiple security chaos-based encryption/decryption scheme in which users can select three different security levels according to their demands. The keystream generator uses Zhu’s chaos-based stream cipher instead of the MD5 hash function because the latter could not withstand the birthday attack. We analyzed the Zhu’s chaos-based stream cipher and showed that it’s key space size、stream period、randomness of pseudorandom sequences as well as correlation prosperities of streams all meet the requirements as a key generator.

The proposed multiple security chaos-based encryption scheme are tested on video data and the results show that the encrypted image’s PSNR is below 8 dB, the time spent on encryption with low security level、medium security level and high security level is 3.78%、4.71% and 14.43% of the total computation time respectively (the encryption time by encrypting the entropy encoder’s output is 19.72% of the total computation time). The low-level encryption can withstand ciphertext-only attacks, the medium-level encryption can withstand ciphertext-only attacks、known plaintext attacks and chosen plaintext attacks, and the high-level encryption security is more secure than the medium-level encryption.

摘要.....................................................................................i
Abstract....................................................................................................................... iii
誌謝................................................................................................................................v
Contents ........................................................................................................................vi
Figure Captions.............................................................................................................ix
Table Captions ..............................................................................................................xi
Chapter 1 Introduction ...................................................................................................1
1 Background......................................................................................................1
2 Motivation........................................................................................................3
3 Previous works.................................................................................................4
4 Thesis organization ..........................................................................................8
Chapter 2 Structure of compressed video ....................................................................10
1 Basic concepts for the compression of video.................................................10
1.1 Motion estimation ...............................................................................12
1.2 Motion compensation..........................................................................13
1.3 DCT coding.........................................................................................13
2 Hierarchy of the MPEG video layers.............................................................16
2.1 Video stream data hierarchy................................................................16
2.2 Picture type .........................................................................................18
2.3 Picture type analysis ...........................................................................20
Chapter 3 Chaotic stream cipher..................................................................................21
1 Key stream generator design..........................................................................21
2 Performance and security analysis.................................................................22
2.1 Key space size.....................................................................................22
2.2 Stream period ......................................................................................23
2.3 The randomness of the pseudorandom sequences ..............................23
2.4 Correlation prosperities of streams .....................................................26
Chapter 4 Video encryption scheme ............................................................................28
1 Chaos-based REC/RPB encryption paradigm ...............................................28
2 Multiple Huffman table (MHT) algorithm ....................................................31
2.1 Huffman tree mutation process...........................................................32
2.2 Selection of original Huffman tree......................................................33
3 Rotation in partitioned bitstream (RPB) algorithm........................................34
4 Multiple security encryption scheme .............................................................36
4.1 Low security encryption .....................................................................36
4.1.1 Procedure of low security encryption ......................................36
4.2 Medium security encryption ...............................................................39
4.2.1 Establish multiple Huffman table ............................................39
4.2.2 Procedure of medium security encryption ...............................42
4.3. High security encryption....................................................................45
4.3.1 Procedure of high security encryption .....................................46
Chapter 5 The security of the video encryption scheme..............................................50
1 Introduction to the cryptography ...................................................................50
1.1 Error-concealment based attack..........................................................52
2 Security analysis of the MHT method ...........................................................55
2.1 Ciphertext-only attack.........................................................................56
2.2 Known-plaintext attack.......................................................................56
2.3 Chosen-plaintext attack.......................................................................56
3 Security analysis of the RPB method.............................................................57
3.1 Ciphertext-only attack.........................................................................57
3.2 Known plaintext attack .......................................................................59
3.3 Chosen-plaintext attack.......................................................................59
4 Security analysis of the chaos-based REC/RPB ............................................59
4.1 Ciphertext-only attack.........................................................................60
4.2 Known plaintext attack .......................................................................60
4.3 Chosen plaintext attack.......................................................................60
5 Security analysis of the multiple security encryption scheme .......................60
5.1 Security analysis of the low encryption scheme .................................61
5.2 Security analysis of medium encryption scheme................................64
5.3 Security analysis of high encryption scheme......................................65
Chapter 6 Experiment results.......................................................................................66
1 Encryption result............................................................................................66
2 PSNR..............................................................................................................68
3 Overheads added to MPEG codec. ................................................................71
4 Compression performance .............................................................................74
Chapter 7 Conclusion and future work ........................................................................76
1 Conclusion .....................................................................................................76
2 Future work....................................................................................................77
Appendix 1...................................................................................................................78
Appendix 2...................................................................................................................79
References....................................................................................................................80
                                    

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校內：2009-08-08公開
校外：2009-08-08公開

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