Cluster has been acknowledged as the crucial concept for developing industries by policy-makers and researchers, including cultural and creative industries (CCI). Cluster concept, which is heavily-based on economic geography, has been widely used to explain the drive behind the development of CCI, neglecting the social aspects of the individuals working in the CCI (creative talents). This study intends to fill in the gap and integrate the social aspects, complementary to the cluster theory, to explain the key drivers to CCI development, providing a more holistic view to the phenomenon from social capital perspective. This study proposes that CCI development is not only dependent on a predetermined cluster set by the authority; the social aspects of creative talents, as the active contributors of CCI development, aid significantly to the industries development, hence should not be neglected.

The study employed two different types of questionnaire – one version was intended to illustrate the thought of popular mass among general circus talents (performers, trainers, and supporting workers in the circus industry) and another version was intended to reveal the thoughts from circus experts (business leaders and decision makers in the circus industry). In total there were 122 valid responses from the general circus talents and 10 valid responses from the circus experts.

The results of the data from general circus talents revealed that: 1) complementary role, trust, and need to create are important for talent development; 2) linkage and shared vision play important roles in business development; 3) proximity and critical mass have significant influence in industry development. The Mongolian circus experts placed more importance on the relational and cognitive dimension factors for talent development, business development, and industry development. In order of importance, the pair-wise comparison showed that: 1) complementary role, shared vision, need to create and trust are important for talent development; 2) complementary role, shared vision, and interaction are important for business development; 3) interaction, need to create, and complementary role are important for industry development. Therefore it is concluded that complementary role is the most important factor in all levels of circus industry development.

This study was the first to address the Mongolian circus industry development and it demonstrated that the development of circus industry in each level is supported by different factors of cluster and social capital. The findings of this study could contribute to the development of the circus industry and the framework could be used to analyze the development of other sectors of CCI.

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