本研究利用Langmuir-Blodgett (LB)與Langmuir-Schaefer (LS)沈積技術，將氣液界面上所形成的DPPC與albumin分子層轉移至固體基板上，並透過沈積轉移率及接觸角的測量，以及原子力顯微鏡的分析，評估在不同沈積方式下沈積膜的沈積品質和表面形態。由實驗結果可發現，沈積品質取決於氣液界面上分子層與固體基板之間的作用力。此外，不同的沈積方式雖然可能具有類似的沈積轉移率，沈積膜的表面形態卻會有明顯的差異。在DPPC LB膜方面，氣液界面上的單分子層可被相當完整地轉移到親水性玻璃基板上，形成均勻而平坦的沈積膜，若利用疏水性改質玻璃基板進行沈積，則在將基板移出氣液界面時，沈積膜會明顯脫附。若改以LS方式進行沈積，DPPC分子會在基板表面形成雙層結構的區塊分佈。在albumin LB膜方面，在相似的轉移率下，albumin分子在親水性基板上容易形成液滴狀的聚集體，在疏水性基板上則形成具有缺陷的膜狀結構，且沈積過程中亦可觀察到分子脫附的現象。若改以LS方式進行沈積，其沈積膜的表面形態則與疏水性基板上的LB沈積膜類似。整體而言，以親水性玻璃基板進行Langmuir-Blodgett沈積的方式，較適合應用於氣液界面上DPPC/albumin混合分子層形態的探討。

　　In this study, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and albumin layers at air/liquid interfaces were transferred onto solid substrates by the Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) deposition techniques. Deposition quality and morphology of deposited films obtained by different deposition approaches were then evaluated by transfer ratio and contact angle measurements and by atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses.
　　The experimental results demonstrated that the deposition quality depended on the interactions between the monolayer at the interface and the solid substrate. In addition, the transfer ratio might be similar for various deposition approaches, but the morphology of deposited films could be significantly different. For a DPPC LB film, a DPPC monolayer at the air/liquid interface can be transferred onto a hydrophilic glass substrate with high quality, forming a homogeneous and flat deposited film. If a hydrophobically modified glass substrate was used, desorption of the deposited film became significant when the substrate was removed from the subphase after deposition. When the LS approach was applied to perform the deposition, domains of bilayer structures formed by DPPC molecules were found to distribute on the substrate. For an albumin LB film, with similar transfer ratios, albumin molecules formed droplet-like aggregates on a hydrophilic substrate and formed defected film structures on a hydrophobic substrate with significant desorption during deposition. If the LS approach was applied, morphology of deposited albumin films was similar to that obtained for a LB film on a hydrophobic substrate. In general, it is more appropriate to use the LB deposition technique with a hydrophilic substrate to perform the deposition of mixed DPPC/albumin layers at air/liquid interfaces for the following morphology analysis.

Alexandre, S., Derue, V., Valleton, J.M., Sommer, F., and Duc, T.M., “High Resolution Imaging of Lipid/Protein Langmuir-Blodgett Films by Atomic Force
Microscopy,” Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces 23, 183, 2002.

Bierbaum, K., Grunze, M., Baski, A.A., Chi, L.F., Schrepp, W., and Fuchs, H., “Growth of Self-Assembled n-Alkyltrichlorosilane Films on Si(100) Investigated by Atomic Force Microscopy,” Langmuir 11, 2143, 1995.

Britt, D.W., and Hlady, V., “An AFM Study of the Effects of Silanization Temperature, Hydration, and Annealing on Nucleation and Aggregation of Condensed OTS Domains on Mica,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 178, 775, 1996.

Brzoska, J.B., Shahidzadeh, N., and Rondelez, F., “Evidence of a Transition-Temperature for the Optimum Deposition of Grafted Monolayer Coatings,” Nature 360, 719, 1992.

Chang, C.-H., Yu, S.-D., Chung, T.-K., and Liang, C.-N., “Roles of γ-Globulin in the Dynamic Interfacial Behavior of Mixed Dipalmitoyl Phosphatidylcholine/g-Globulin Monolayer at Air/Liquid Interfaces,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 227, 461, 2000.

Cheng, C.-C., and Chang, C.-H., “Retardation Effect of Tyloxapol on Inactivation of Dipalmitoyl Phosphatidylcholine Surface Activity by Albumin,” Langmuir 16, 437, 2000.

Cho, D., Narsimhan, G., and Franses, E.I., “Interaction of Spread Lecithin Monolayers with Bovine Serum Albumin in Aqueous Solution,” Langmuir 13, 4710, 1997.

Chovelon, J.M., Provence, M., Jaffrezic-Renault, N., Alexandre, S., and Valleton, J.M., “Transfer of Mixed Protein-Fatty Acid LB Films onto Si/SiO2 Substrates. Influence of the Surface Free Energy,” Mater. Sci. Eng. C 22, 79, 2002.

Dargaville, P.A., and Morley, C.J., “Overcoming Surfactant Inhibition with Polymers,” Acta Pediatr. 89, 1397, 2000.

Fainerman, V.B., Zhao, J., Vollhardt, D., Makievski, A.V., and Li, J.B., “Dynamic of β-Lactoglobulin Penetration into Langmuir Monolayers of 2D Condensating Phospholipid,” J. Phys. Chem. B 103, 8998, 1999.

Flinn, D.H., Guzonas, D.A., and Yoon, R.-H., “Characterization of Silica Surfaces Hydrophobized by Octadecyltrichlorosilane,” Colloids Surf. A: Physiochem. Eng. Aspects 87, 163, 1994.

Fuchimukai, T., Fujiwara, T., Takahashi, A., and Enhorning, G., “Artificial Pulmonary Surfactant Inhibited by Proteins,” J. Appl. Phusiol. 62, 429, 1987.

Girard-Egrot, A.P., Morelis, R.M., and Coulet, P.R., “Direct Influence of Interaction between the First Layer and a Hydrophilic Substrate on the Transition from Y- to Z-Type Transfer during Deposition of Phospholipid Langmuir-Blodgett Films,” Langmuir 12, 778, 1996.

Gunther, A., and Seeger, W., “Resistance to Surfactant Inactivation,” in Surfactant Therapy for Lung Disease, Robertson, B., and Taeusch, H.W., Eds.,
Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1995.

Haas, H., Torrielli, M., Steitz, R., Cavatorta, P., Sorbi, R., Fasano, A., Riccio, P., and Gliozzi, A., “Meylin Model Membranes on Solid Substrates,” Thin Solid Films 327-329, 627, 1998.

Hollars, C.W., and Dunn, R.C., “Submicron Structure in L--Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine Monolayers and Bilayers Probed with Confocal, Atomic Force, and Near-Field Microscopy,” Biophys. J. 75,342,1998.

Holm, B.A., Enhorning, G., and Notter, R.H., “A Biophysical Mechanism by which Plasma Proteins Inhibit Lung Surfactant Activity,” Chem. Phys. Lipids 49, 49, 1988
Holm, B.A., Wang,Z., and Notter, R.H., “Multiple Mechanism of Lung Surfactant Inhibition,” Pediat. Res. 46, 85, 1999.

Ihalainen, P., and Peltonen, J., “Covalent Immobilization of Antibody Fragments onto Langmuir-Schaefer Binary Monolayers Chemisorbed on Gold,” Langmuir 18, 4953, 2002.

Keough, K.M.W., Parsons, C.S., Phang, P.T., and Tweeddale, M.G., “Interactions between Plasma Proteins and Pulmonary Surfactant: Surface Balance Studies,” Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 66, 1166, 1988.

Keough, K.M.W., Parsons, C.S., and Tweeddale, M.G., “Interactions between Plasma Proteins and Pulmonary Surfactant: Pulsating Bubble Studies,” Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 67, 663, 1989.

Korchowiec, B., Piggelli, M., Gabrielle, G., Nocentini, M., and Focardi, C., “Thermodynamic and Spectroscopic Properties of Mixtures of β-Lactoglobulin and Dioleylphosphatidylcholine,” Colloid Polym. Sci. 275, 860, 1997.

Kuo, R.-R., Chang, C.-H., Yang, Y.-M., and Maa, J.-R., “Induced Removal of Dipalmitoyl Phosphatidylcholine by the Exclusion of Fibrinogen from Compressed Monolayers at Air/Liquid Interface,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 257, 108, 2003.

Lanteri, N., Rolandi, R., Cavatorta, P., Polverini, E., Riccio, P., and Gliozzi, A., “Myelin Basic Protein-Lipid Complex: An Atomic Force Microscopy Study,” Colloids Surf. A: Physiochem. Eng. Aspects 175, 3, 2000.

Le Grange, J.D., Markhan, J.L., and Kurkjian C.R., “Effects of Surface Hydration on the Deposition of Silane Monolayers on Silica,” Langmuir 9, 1749, 1993.

Lee, S., Virtanen, J.A., Virtanen, S.A., and Penner, R.M., “Assembly of Fatty Acid Bilayers on Hydrophobic Substrates Using a Horizontal Deposition Procedure,” Langmuir 8, 1243, 1992.

Lestelius, M., Liedberg, B., Tengvall, P., “In Vitro Plasma Protein Adsorption on -Functionalized Alkanethiolate Self-assembled Monolayers,” Langmuir 13. 5900. 1997.

McGovern, M.E., Kallury, K.M.R., and Thompson, M., “Role of Solvent on the Silanization of Glass with Octadecyltrichlorosilane,” Langmuir 10,3607, 1994.

Mertig, M., Thiele, U., Bradt, J., Leibiger, G., Pompe, W., and Wendrock, H., “Scanning Force Microscopy and Geometric Analysis of Two-Dimensional Collagen Network Formation,” Surf. Interface Sci. Analysis 25, 514, 1997.

Mertig, M., Thiele, U., Bradt, J., Klemm, D., and Pompe, W., “Dewetting of Thin Collagenous Precursor Films,” Appl. Phys. A 66,8565, 1998.

Meuse, C.W., Krueger, S., Majkrzak, C.F., Dura, J.A., Fu, J., Connor, J.T., and Plant, A.L., “Hybrid Bilayer Membranes in Air and Water: Infrared Spectroscopy and Neutron Reflectivity Studies,” Biophysical Journal 74, 1388, 1998.

Milhiet, P.E., Giocondi, M.C., Baghdadi, O., Ronzon, F., Le Grimellec, C., and Roux, B., “AFM Detection of GPI Protein Insertion into DOPC/DPPC Model Membranes,” Single Mol. 3, 135, 2002.

Müller-Buschbaum, P., “Dewetting and Pattern Formation in Thin Polymer Films as Investigated in Real and Reciprocal Space,” J. Phys.: Condens. Matter. 15, R1549, 2003.

Notter, R.H., and Finkelstein, J.N., “Pulmonary Surfactant: An Interdisciplinary Approach,” J. Appl. Physiol.: Respir. Environ. Exercise Physiol. 57, 1613, 1984.

Ou, S.H., Mann, J.A., and Lando, J.B., “Nonlinear Optical Studies of Polar Polymeric Langmuir-Schaefer Films,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 2284, 1992.

Parikh, A.N., Beers, J.D., Shreve, A.P., and Swanson, B.I., “Infrared Spectroscopic Characterization of Lipid-Alkylsiloxane Hybrid Bilayer Membranes at Oxide Substrates,” Langmuir 15, 5369, 1999.

Pison, U., Bock, J.C., Pietschmann, S., Veit, S., and Slama, K., “The Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Pathophysiological Concepts Related to the Pulmonary Surfactant System,” in Surfactant Therapy for Lung Disease, Roberson, B., and Taeusch, H.W., Eds., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1995.

Polverini, E., Arisi, S., Cavatorta, P., Berzina, T., Cristofolini, L., Fasano, A., Riccio, P., and Fontana, M.P., “Interaction of Myelin Basic Protein with Phospholipid Monolayers: Mechanism of Protein Penetration,” Langmuir 19, 872, 2003.

Ram, M.K., Adami, M., Sartore, M., Salerno, M., Paddeu, S., and Nicolini, C., “Comparative Studies on Langmuir-Schaefer Films of Polyanilines,” Synthetic Metals 100, 249, 1999.

Richter, R.P., and Brisson, A., “Characterization of Lipid Bilayers and Protein Assemblies Supported on Rough Surfaces by Atomic Force Microscopy,” Langmuir 19, 1632, 2003.

Rye, R.R., “Transition Temperature for n-Alkyltrichlorosilane Monolayers,” Langmuir 13, 2588, 1997.

Sanchez, J., and Badia, A., “Atomic Force Microscopy Studies of Lateral Phase Separation in Mixed Monolayers of Dipalmitoylphosph atidyl -choline and Dilauroylphosphatidylcholine,” Thin Solid Films 440, 223, 2003.

Sheller, N.B., Petrash, S., Foster, M.D., “Atomic Force Microscopy and X-ray Reflectivity Studies of Albumin Adsorbed onto Self-Assembled Monolayers of Hexadecyltrichlorosilane,” Langmuir 14, 4535, 1998.

Silberzan, P., Leger, L., Ausserre, D., and Benattar, J.J., “Silanation of Silica Surface. A New Method of Constructing Pure or Mixed Monolayers,” Langmuir 7, 1647, 1991.

Solletti, J.M., Botreau, M, Sommer, F, Tran Minh Duc, Celio, M.R., “Characterization of Mixed Miscible and Nonmiscible Phospholipid Langmuir-Blodgett Films by Atomic Force Microscopy,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 14, 1492, 1996.

Solletti, J.M., Botreau, M., Sommer, F., Brunat, W.L., Kasas, S., Tran Minh Duc, Celio, M.R., “Elaboration and Characterization of Phospholipid Langmuir-Blodgett Films,” Lnagmuir 12, 5379, 1996.

Taeusch, H.W., Lu, K.W., Goerke, J., and Clements, J.A., “Nonionic Polymers Reverse Inactivation of Surfactant by Meconium and Other Substances,” Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 159, 1391, 1999.

Taylor, F.B., and Abrams, M.E., “Effect of Surface Active Lipoprotein,” Am. J. Med. 40, 346, 1996.

Troitsky, V.I., and Matveeva, N.K., “Polycyanoacrylate Electron Beam Resists Deposited by the Langmuir-Schafer Technique,” Thin Solid Films 327-329, 659, 1998.

Trurnit, H.J., “A Theory and Method for the Spreading of Protein Monolayers,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 15,1.1960.

Ulman, A., An Introduction to Ultrathin Organic Films, Academic Press, New York, 1991.

van der Vegt, W., van der Mei, H.C., and Busscher, H.J., “A Comparison of Different Approaches to Calculate Surface Free Energy of Protein-Coated Substrate from Measured Contact Angles of Liquids,” Langmuir 10, 1314, 1994.

Vermette, P., Gauvreau, V., Pézolet, M., and Laroche, G., “Albumin and Fibrinogen Adsorption onto Phosphatidylcholine Monolayers Investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectoscopy,” Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces 29, 285, 2003.

Walivaara, B., Warkentin, P., Lundström, I., Tengvall, P., “Aggregation of IgG on Methylated Silicon Surfaces Studied by Tapping Mode Atomic Force Microscopy,” J. Colloid Interface Sci. 174. 53. 1995.

Wang, X., Zhang, Y., Wu, J., Wang, M., Cui, G., Li, J., and Brezesinski, G., “Dynamical and Morphological Studies on the Adsorption and Penetration of Human Serum Albumin into Phospholipid Monolayers at the Air/Water Interface,” Colloids Surf. B: Biointerfaces 23, 339, 2002.

Wasserman, S.R., Tao, Y.T., and Whitesides, G.M., “Structure and Reactivity of Alkylsiloxane Monolayers Formed by Reaction of Alkyltrichlorosilane on Silica Substrates,” Langmuir 5, 1074, 1989.

Wen, X., and Franses, E.I., “Adsorption of Bovine Serum Albumin at the Air/Water Interface and Its Effect on the Formation of DPPC Surface Films,” Colloids Surf. A: Physiochem. Eng. Aspects 190, 319, 2001.

Zhang, H., Wang, X., Cui, G., and Li, J., “Stability Investigation of the Mixed DPPC/Protein Monolayer at the Air-Water Interface,” Colloids Surf. A: Physiochem. Eng. Aspects 175, 77, 2000.

Zhang, H., Cui, G., and Li, J., “Morphological Investigation of Mixed Protein/Phospholipid Monolayers,” Colloids Surf. A: Physiochem. Eng. Aspects 201, 123, 2002.

Zhao, J., Vollhardt, D., Brezesinski, G., Siegel, S., Wu, J., Li, J.B., and Miller, R., “Effect of Protein Penetration into Phospholipid Monolayers: Morphology and Structure,” Colloids Surf. A: Physiochem. Eng. Aspects 171, 175, 2000.

蔡怡杏，自聚性分子膜成膜動力學之臨界溫度研究，台灣大學化學工程學系碩士論文，1999.

鄭靈珍，以Brewster Angle Microscopy探討氣/液界面上DPPC/Albumin混合單分子層的行為，成功大學化學工程學系碩士論文，2003.