現今企業為了快速反應消費者市場以及保持競爭力，許多企業選擇在勞動力成本或原料成本相對低廉之國家設立工廠以取得較低之生產成本以提高企業獲利。因此跨國企業更須了解不同國家文化形成之差異，針對多元部屬之文化差異提供異質性之溝通方式與資源協助，才能有效提升團隊運作效率以及達成組織目標績效。隨著中國大陸近年發展迅速，勞動成本上升，使得人口紅利正逐漸消逝，許多中、低端製造業紛紛開始外移至勞動成本更低的東南亞國家。回顧本國學者相關文獻發現較少有與東南亞國家之領導相關研究，加上我國企業近年在印尼設廠佈局與投資金額逐漸增加，因此鎖定印尼之製造業為研究對象。

本研究針對國家文化之權力距離進行探討，並將其歸類於群體層級，而主管之領導風格與員工績效歸類於個體層級，個體與總體層級的資料均具有內屬(Nested)特性，因此本研究將利用階層線性模式(Hierarchical Linear Modeling; HLM)進行分析，以避免傳統之線性模式可能帶來的誤差。

本研究之研究對象為於印尼設廠之台資企業M公司，以問卷調查方式收集263份有效問卷，分屬於31個工作單位。研究結果發現，交易型領導對於員工之任務績效與情境績效均有正相關之顯著影響；轉換型領導對於員工之任務績效與情境績效均有正相關之顯著影響；以及群體層級之權力距離對於個體層級之員工任務績效具有負相關之顯著影響。

建議未來之台資企業鼓勵外派或當地主管試著降低對於部屬之間的權力距離關係，給予部屬更多的權限與空間，提高主管與部屬間的互相依賴關係以及工作單位和諧氛圍，可有效提升部屬對於任務目標之達成渴望度。以及幫助外派或當地主管同時培養轉換型領導與交易型領導之風格，針對任務環境提供對應之領導風格，便可大幅提升領導效能，使組織不管在短期或長期下均能有良好之績效表現。

This study explores the power distance situation of a national culture and classifies it at the group level, while the supervisor's leadership style and employee performance are classified at the individual level. Both the individual and the general level have nested characteristics, so hierarchical linear modeling is used to avoid the errors inherent in traditional linear modeling.

The study was administered to the Taiwan-funded M Company, which set up factories in Indonesia. A total of 263 valid questionnaires were collected, which were associated with 31 working units. The results showed that transactional leadership has a significant positive effect on both task performance and contextual performance. Transformational leadership was found to have a significant positive effect on both task performance and contextual performance, and power distance was found to have a significant negative correlation with task performance. It is recommended that Taiwan-funded enterprises should encourage the assignment of local supervisors to try to reduce the power distance relationship between subordinates as well as helping assigned or local supervisors to develop transactional leadership and transformational leadership styles. Providing a suitable leadership style for the mission environment will dramatically improve leadership effectiveness and enable organizations to perform well both short- and long-term.

中文文獻

1.王佳玉 (民 89) 。轉換型領導與領導效能關聯之研究-以台北市政府為個案分析(碩士論文)。取自http://nccuir.lib.nccu.edu.tw/handle/140.119/83405
2.余德成 (民85)。品質管理人性面系統因素對工作績效之影響(博士論文)。取自http://handle.ncl.edu.tw/11296/ndltd/63970904794791510160
3.林合懋 (民84)。學校主管與企業主管轉型領導之比較研究(未出版碩士論文) 。 國立政治大學，台北市。
4.洪大川 (民101)。領導型態，內部行銷，組織承諾與工作績效關係之研究: 以大陸某台商公司為例(未出版之碩士論文)。南華大學，嘉義縣。
5.張建興 (民100)。台籍主管領導風格對大陸員工的知識學習成效與工作績效之影響—轉換型領導 vs. 交易型領導(碩士論文)。取自http://www.airitilibrary.com.er.lib.ncku.edu.tw:2048/Publication/alDetailedMesh1?DocID=U0026-1508201111163800
6.許士軍 (民89)。走向創新時代的組織績效評估(3-9頁)。 台北市: 天下遠見出版公司。

英文文獻

1.Akron, S ., Feinblit, O., Hareli, S., & Tzafrir, SS (2016). Employment arrangements diversity and work group performance. Team Performance Management, 22(5), 310-330.
2.Amar, A. D., Hlupic & Vlatka (2016). Leadership for knowledge organizations. European Journal of Innovation Management, 19(2), 239-260.
3.Asencio, H. (2016). Leadership, Trust and Organizational Performance in the Public Sector. Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences, 12(SI), 5-22.
4.Avolio, B. J., Bass, B. M., & Jung, D. I. (1999). Re-examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the Multifactor Leadership. Journal of occupational and organizational psychology, 72(4), 441-462.
5.Ayman, R. (1993). Leadership perception: The Role of Gender and Culture. Salt Lake :Academic Press.
6.Barling, J., Weber, T., & Kelloway, E. K. (1996). Effects of transformational leadership training on attitudinal and financial outcomes: A field experiment. Journal of applied psychology, 81(6), 827.
7.Bass, B. M. (1985). Leadership and Performance beyond Expectations. New York: Free Press.
8.Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1990). Transformational Leadership Development: Manual for the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Paio Alto,California: Consulting Psychologists Press.
9.Bass, B. M., & Avolio, B. J. (1997). Full Range Leadership Development: Manual for the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. Palo Alto, California: Mind Garden.
10.Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., & Atwater, L., (1996). The transformational and transactional leadership of men and women. Applied Psychology, 45(1), 5-34.
11.Bass, B. M., Avolio, B. J., Jung, D. I., & Berson, Y. (2003). Predicting unit performance by assessing transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of applied psychology, 88(2), 207.
12.Blanchard, K., & Johnson, S. (1982). The One Minute Manager. New York: William Morrow and Company.
13.Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. M. (1993). Expanding the Criterion Domain to Include Elements of Contextual Performance. Personnel Selection in Organizations; San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
14.Brett, J. M., Stroh, L. K., & Reilly, A. H. (1993). Pulling Up Roots in The 1990s: Who's Willing to Relocate? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14, 49-60
15.Bryk, A. S. 8: Raudenbush, SW (1992). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods. California: Sage Publications.
16.Burns, J. M. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper & Row.
17.Campbell, J. P., McHenry, J. J., & Wise, L. L. (1990). Modeling job performance in a population of jobs. Personnel Psychology, 43(2), 313-575.
18.Chakravarthy, B. S. (1986). Measuring strategic performance. Strategic management journal, 7(5), 437-458.
19.Chiang, F. F. T., & Birch, T. (2007). The Transferability of Management Practices: Examining Cross-National Differences. Human Relations, 24(1), 80-96.
20.Church, A. T., & Lonner, W. J. (1998). The cross-cultural perspective in the study of personality rationale and current research. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 29(1), 32-62.
21.Clark, Anna. (1990) Queen Caroline and the Sexual Politics of Popular Culture in London, 1820. California:University of California Press.
22.Cohen, A. S., Baker, F. B.,& Barmish, B. R. (1988). Item characteristics of tests constructed by linear programming. Applied Psychological Measurement, 12(2), 189-199.
23.Conger, J. A. (1999). Charismatic and transformational leadership in organizations: An insider's perspective on these developing streams of research. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), 145-179.
24.Dachler, H. P. (1988). Constraints on the emergence of new vistas in leadership and management research: An epistemological overview. Emerging Leadership Vistas, Lexington, MA:Lexington Books/D.C. Heath and Co., pp.261-285.
25.Dalton, D. R., Todor, W. D., Spendolini, M. J., Fielding, G. J., & Porter, L. W. (1980). Organization structure and performance: A critical review. Academy of management review, 5(1), 49-64.
26.Dessler, A. E., Considine, D. B., Rosenfield, J. E., Kawa, S. R., Douglass, A. R., & Russell, J. M. (1997). Lower stratospheric chlorine partitioning during the decay of the Mt. Pinatubo aerosol cloud. Geophysical research letters, 24(13), 1623-1626.
27.Dickson, B. J. (2003). Red Capitalists in China: The Party, Private Entrepreneurs, and Prospects for Political Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.
28.Dickson, W. J., & Roethlisberger, F. J. (2003). Management and the Worker . East Sussex: Psychology Press.
29.Djurkovic, N., McCormack, D., & Casimir, G. (2008). Workplace bullying and intention to leave: the moderating effect of perceived organisational support. Human Resource Management Journal, 18(4), 405-422.
30.Dubrin, A., 2004, Leadership: Research Finding, Practice, and Skills, 4th edition, Boston: Houghton Mifflin
31.Edwards, J. R., & Bagozzi, R. P. (2000). On the nature and direction of relationships between constructs. Psychological Methods, 5(2), 155-174.
32.Farh, J. L., Hackett, R. D., & Liang, J. (2007). Individual-level cultural values as moderators of perceived organizational support–employee outcome relationships in China: Comparing the effects of power distance and traditionality. Academy of Management Journal, 50(3), 715-729.
33.Fiedler, F. E. (1978). The contingency model and the dynamics of the leadership process. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (Vol. 11, pp.59-112).New York: Academic Press.
34.Fiedler, F. E. (1995). Cognitive resources and leadership performance. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 44(1), 5-28.
35.Flatten, T., Adams, D., & Brettel, M. (2015). Fostering absorptive capacity through leadership: A cross-cultural analysis. Journal of World Business, 50(3), 519-534.
36.Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18, 39-50.
37.Forster, N. (2000). Expatriates and the impact of cross‐cultural training. Human Resource Management Journal, 10(3), 63-78.
38.Friedman, H. H., & Langbert, M. (2000). Abraham as a transformational leader. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 7(2), 88-95.
39.Gatewood, R. D., & Hubert, S. (1998). Field.(1998) Human Resource Selection. South Western: The Dryden Press.
40.Gerhart, B. (2005). Human resources and business performance: Findings, unanswered questions, and an alternative approach. Management Revue, 16(2), 174-185.
41.Geyer, A., & Steyrer, J. (1998). Messung und Erfolgswirksamkeit transformationaler Führung. German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift für Personalforschung, 12(4), 377-401.
42.Golden, T. D., & Veiga, J. F. (2008). The impact of superior–subordinate relationships on the commitment, job satisfaction, and performance of virtual workers. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(1), 77-88.
43.Hackman, J. R. (2002). Leading Teams: Setting the Stage for Great Performances. Brighton: Harvard Business Press.
44.Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2006). Multivariate data analysis, vol 6. Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.
45.Hasson, H., von Thiele Schwarz, U., Holmstrom, S., Karanika-Murray, M., & Tafvelin, S. (2016). Improving organizational learning through leadership training. Journal of Workplace Learning, 28(3), 115-129.
46.Hater, J. J., & Bass, B. M. (1988). Superiors' evaluations and subordinates' perceptions of transformational and transactional leadership. Journal of Applied psychology, 73(4), 695.
47.Hauff, S., & Richter, N. (2015). Power distance and its moderating role in the relationship between situational job characteristics and job satisfaction: An empirical analysis using different cultural measures. Cross Cultural Management, 22(1), 68-89.
48.Herbig, P. A. (1994). The Innovation Matrix: Culture and Structure Prerequisites to Innovation. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
49.Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. H. (1982). Leadership style: Attitudes and behaviors. Training and Development Journal, 36(5), 50-52.
50.Hofmann, D. A. (1997). An overview of the logic and rationale of hierarchical linear models. Journal of management, 23(6), 723-744.
51.Hofstede, G. (1980). Motivation, leadership, and organization: do American theories apply abroad?. Organizational dynamics, 9(1), 42-63.
52.Hofstede, G. (1993). Cultural constraints in management theories. The Academy of Management Executive, 7(1), 81-94.
53.Hofstede, G. (2010). Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind: Interculture Cooperation and Its Importance for Survival (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.
54.Hofstede, G., & Bond, M. H. (1984). Hofstede's culture dimensions an independent validation using Rokeach's value survey. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 15(4), 417-433.
55.Hofstede, G., Neuijen, B., Ohayv, D. D., & Sanders, G. (1990). Measuring Organizational Cultures: A Qualitative and Quantitative Study across Twenty Cases. Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(2), 286-316. doi: 10.2307/2393392
56.Hollander, E. P. (1978). Leadership Dynamics: A Practical Guide to Effective Relationships. New York: Free Press.
57.Hollander, E. P., & Offermann, L. R. (1990). Power and leadership in organizations: Relationships in transition. American psychologist, 45(2), 179.
58.Hoppe, M. H. (2004). An interview with Geert Hofstede. The Academy of Management Executive, 18(1), 75-79.
59.House, R. J., & Aditya, R. N. (1997). The social scientific study of leadership: Quo vadis?. Journal of management, 23(3), 409-473.
60.House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (Eds.). (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 societies, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
61.James, L. R., Demaree, R. G., & Wolf, G. (1993). Rwg: an assessment of within-group rater aggrement. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(2), 306-309.
62.Jarvis, C. B., Mackenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2003). A critical review of construct indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(2), 199-218.
63.Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., De Luque, M., & House, R. J. (2006). In the eye of the beholder: Cross-cultural lessons in leadership from project GLOBE. Academy of Management Perspectives, 20(1), 67-90.
64.Jaw, B. S., Wang, C. Y. P., & Chen, Y. H. (2006). Knowledge flows and performance of multinational subsidiaries: the perspective of human capital. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(2), 225-244.
65.Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Ilies, R., & Gerhardt, M. W. (2002). Personality and leadership: a qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of applied psychology, 87(4), 765.
66.Kane, G. E., Matta, J. E., Roper, W. L., & Hasselman, D. P. H. (1976). The role of thermal diffusivity in the machining performance of oxide ceramic cutting tool materials. Wear, 37(2), 323-331.
67.Kannan, V. R., & Tan, K. C. (2005). Just in time, total quality management, and supply chain management: understanding their linkages and impact on business performance. Omega, 33(2), 153-162.
68.Kanungo, R. N., & Mendonca, M. (1996). Ethical Dimensions of Leadership (Vol. 3).CA: Sage Publications.
69.Kark, R., Shamir, B., Avolio, B. J., & Yammarino, F. J. (2002). The Dual Effect of Transformational Leadership: Priming Relational and Collective Selves and Further Effects on Followers. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science.
70.Keeney, A. J., Smart, A. M., Richards, R., Harrison, S., Carrillo, M., & Valentine, D. (2014). Human rights and social work codes of ethics: an international analysis. Journal of Social Welfare and Human Rights, 2(2), 1-16.
71.Kirkman, B. L., Chen, G., Farh, J. L., Chen, Z. X., & Lowe, K. B. (2009). Individual power distance orientation and follower reactions to transformational leaders: A cross-level, cross-cultural examination. Academy of Management Journal, 52(4), 744-764.
72.Kline, R. B. (1998) Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford Press.
73.Konovsky, M. A., & Pugh, S. D. (1994). Citizenship behavior and social exchange. Academy of management journal, 37(3), 656-669.
74.Lam, C. S.,Zou, J., Wu, H.,Wang, C., Zhu, J., Zhong, C., & Choy, W. C. (2011).Simultaneous Optimization of Charge‐Carrier Balance and Luminous Efficacy in Highly Efficient White Polymer Light‐Emitting Devices. Advanced Materials, 23(26), 2976-2980.
75.Lee, L. (1999, June). Measures of distributional similarity. In Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Computational Linguistics (pp. 25-32). Association for Computational Linguistics.
76.Lesser, M. P., Shumway, S. E., Cucci, T., & Smith, J. (1992). Impact of fouling organisms on mussel rope culture: interspecific competition for food among suspension-feeding invertebrates. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 165(1), 91-102.
77.Lindholm, N. (1999). National culture and performance management in MNC subsidiaries. International studies of management & organization, 29(4), 45-66.
78.Maas, C. J., & Hox, J. J. (2004). Robustness issues in multilevel regression analysis. Statistica Neerlandica, 58(2), 127-137.
79.Martínez-Gonzalez, M., Monreal-Bosch, P., Perera, S., & Olid, C. S. (2016). Public Healthcare Organizations: Leadership or Management? Athenea digital, 16(3), 245-257.
80.Martinko, M. J., & Gardner, W. L. (1987). The leader/member attribution process. Academy of Management Review, 12(2), 235-249.
81.Minkov, M. (2007). What makes us different and similar: A new interpretation of the World Values Survey and other cross-cultural data. Klasika i Stil Publishing House. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, doi: 10.1177/0022022108321313
82.Mintzberg, H., & Gosling, J. (2002). Educating managers beyond borders. Academy of Management Learning & Education, 1(1), 64-76.
83.Modecki, K. L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A. G., Guerra, N. G., & Runions, K. C. (2014). Bullying prevalence across contexts: A meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55(5), 602-611.
84.Motowidlo, S. J., & Van Scotter, J. R. (1994). Evidence that task performance should be distinguished from contextual performance. Journal of Applied psychology, 79(4), 475.
85.Newman, K. L., & Nollen, S. D. (1996). Culture and congruence: The fit between management practices and national culture. Journal of international business studies, 27(4), 753-779.
86.Peretz H., Rosenblatt Z. 2011. The role of societal cultural practices in organizational investment in training: A comparative study in 21 countries. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42(5): 817-831
87.Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Fetter, R. (1991). Organizational citizenship behavior and objective productivity as determinants of managerial evaluations of salespersons' performance. Organizational behavior and human decision processes, 50(1), 123-150.
88.Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990). Transformational leader behaviors and their effects on followers' trust in leader, satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. The leadership quarterly, 1(2), 107-142.
89.Portugal, E., & Yukl, G. (1994). Perspectives on environmental leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 5(3), 271-276.
90.Pounder, J. S. (2001). “New leadership” and university organisational effectiveness: exploring the relationship. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 22(6), 281-290.
91.Powell, A., Piccoli, G., & Ives, B. (2004). Virtual teams: a review of current literature and directions for future research. ACM Sigmis Database, 35(1), 6-36.
92.Rahim, M. A., Antonioni, D., Krumov, K., & Ilieva, S. (2000). Power, conflict, and effectiveness: A cross-cultural study in the United States and Bulgaria. European Psychologist, 5(1), 28.
93.Rao, A. N., & Pearce, J. L. (2016). Should management practice adapt to cultural values? The evidence against power distance adaptation. Cross Cultural & Strategic Management, 23(2), 257-286.
94.Rauch, C. F., & Behling, O. (1984). Functionalism: Basis for an alternate approach to the study of leadership. Leaders and Managers: International Perspectives on Managerial Behavior and Leadership. New York: Pergamon Press.
95.Robbins, P. D., & Ghivizzani, S. C. (1998). Viral vectors for gene therapy. Pharmacology & therapeutics, 80(1), 35-47.
96.Robbins, S. P., DeCenzo, D. A., & Coulter, M. K. (2008). Fundamentals of Management: Essential Concepts and Applications. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
97.Robbins, S. P., Judge, T. A., Millett, B., & Jones, M. (2010). OB: the essentials. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Australia.
98.Schermerhorn, J. R., Buono, A., & Warfield, A. (1989). Management for Productivity: Advanced Instructional Modules. Aim. Wiley. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
99.Schermerhorn, J. R., Hunt, J. G., & Osborn, R. N. (Orgs.) (1999), Fundamentos de comportamento organizacional. Porto Alegre: Bookman. (Texto originalmente publicado em 1998).
100.Schmidt-Mende, L., Fechtenkötter, A., Müllen, K., Moons, E., Friend, R. H., & MacKenzie, J. D. (2001). Self-organized discotic liquid crystals for high-efficiency organic photovoltaics. Science, 293(5532), 1119-1122.
101.Siren, C., Patel, P. C., & Wincent, J. (2016). How do harmonious passion and obsessive passion moderate the influence of a CEO's change-oriented leadership on company performance?. The Leadership Quarterly, 27(4), 653-670.
102.Sloma, R. S. (1980). How to Measure Managerial Performance. London: Macmillan.
103.Stauss, B., & Mang, P. (1999). "Culture shocks" in inter-cultural service encounters? Journal of Services Marketing, 13(4/5), 329-346.
104.Triandis, H. C. (1993). Collectivism and individualism as cultural syndromes. Cross-cultural research, 27(3-4), 155-180.
105.Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism & Collectivism. Colorado: Westview press.
106.Triandis, H. C. (1996). The psychological measurement of cultural syndromes. American psychologist, 51(4), 407.
107.Tubre, T. C., & Collins, J. M. (2000). Jackson and Schuler (1985) revisited: A meta-analysis of the relationships between role ambiguity, role conflict, and job performance. Journal of management, 26(1), 155-169.
108.Tung, R. L. & Miller, E. L.(1990). Managing in the twenty-first century: The Need for global orientation. Management International Review, 30, 5-18.
109.Tyler, T. R., & Blader, S. L. (2000). Cooperation in Groups: Procedural Justice, Social Identity, and Behavioral Engagement. Denmark: Psychology Press.
110.Usunier, J. C. G. (1993). International Marketing. New York: Prentice Hall.
111.Vidyarthi, P. R., Anand, S., & Liden, R. C. (2014). Do emotionally perceptive leaders motivate higher employee performance? The moderating role of task interdependence and power distance. The Leadership Quarterly, 25(2), 232-244.
112.Waldman DA (1994) The contributions of total quality management to a theory of work performance. Acad Manage Rev 19(3):510-536.dio:10.5465/AMR.1994.941227181
113.Walumbwa, F. O., & Lawler, J. J. (2003). Building effective organizations: Transformational leadership, collectivist orientation, work-related attitudes and withdrawal behaviours in three emerging economies. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 14(7): 1083–1101.
114.Wang, H., Waldman, D., & Zhang, H. (2012). Strategic leadership across cultures: Current findings and future research directions. Journal of World Business, 47(4): 571–580
115.Westwood, R. G., & Everett, J. E. (1987). Culture's consequences: A methodology for comparative management studies in Southeast Asia?. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 4(3), 187-202.
116.Yammarino, F. J., Spangler, W. D., & Bass, B. M. (1993). Transformational leadership and performance: A longitudinal investigation. The Leadership Quarterly, 4(1), 81-102.
117.Yang, J., Mossholder, K. W., & Peng, T. K. (2007). Procedural justice climate and group power distance: An examination of cross-level interaction effects. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(3), 681–692.
118.Yeh, SCJ., Yuan, KS., Chen, SHS., Lo, YY., Chou, HC., Huang, S., Chiu, HC., Wan, TTH. (2016) The moderating effect of leadership on the relationship between personality and performance. Journal of nursing management, 24(7), 869-883.
119.Yuan, F., & Zhou, J. (2015). Effects of cultural power distance on group creativity and individual group member creativity. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 36(7), 990-1007.
120.Yukl, G. (1999). An evaluation of conceptual weaknesses in transformational and charismatic leadership theories. The leadership quarterly, 10(2), 285-305.
121.Yukl, G. A. (2002). Leadership in Organizations. 5th edition. Upper Saddle River, N. J. :Prentice-Hall International, c2002.
122.Yukl, G. A., & Becker, W. S. (2006). Effective empowerment in organizations. Organization Management Journal, 3(3), 210-231.
123.Yukl, G. A., & Van Fleet, D. D. (1992). Theory and research on leadership in organizations. In M. D. Dunnette and L, M. Hough(eds,)Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychlogists Press.
124.Yukl, G., Gordon, A., & Taber, T. (2002). A hierarchical taxonomy of leadership behavior: Integrating a half century of behavior research. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 9(1), 15-32.
125.Zhang, G., Peng, Y., Cui, L., & Zhang, L. (2009). Gold-Catalyzed Homogeneous Oxidative Cross-Coupling Reactions. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 48(17).