隨著石化能源劇烈的被消耗，尋找綠色再生能源已成為刻不容緩的重要課題。文獻指出，太陽輻射能到達地面之能量高達400 MW/sec，若能有效利用其0.1%之能量，並以轉換效率（太陽能轉換為電能）10%計算，此發電量足以提供能源需求，因此，太陽能發電具高應用潛力，其中又以製程簡單之敏式染料太陽能電池(dye sensitized solar cells, DSSCs)為主要研究方向。在追求高效率的同時，低成本也成為DSSCs具有高度普及化及商業化之必要條件，因此，本研究之主要目的包括：(1)利用相對便宜之鈦鹽類(TiCl4)取代鈦醇類(Ti(OCH(CH3)2)4)以合成二氧化鈦(TiO2)奈米顆粒；(2)利用TiCl4資源化腐質酸混凝污泥以合成奈米級TiO2；(3)搭配簡單、低成本製程(spin coater)製備TiO2光電極；(4)研究TiO2光電極微結構(microstructure)對於效率之影響；及(5)分析氧化鋅奈米柱電極之精細結構。
實驗結果顯示，TiCl4合成之TiO2具有高純度銳鈦礦結構，有助於光電極之電子傳導，並藉由短路電流的提升，增進光電轉化效率。TiCl4對於腐質酸之混凝效果略優於FeCl3，污泥經過高溫熱處理(723 K)可燒結出奈米級TiO2，其製備之光電極具有5.12 %之光電轉換效率。光電極微結構改變之研究顯示，增加電極結構之粗糙度有助於提升染料吸附量，產生之孔道(channel)使入射太陽光易抵達電極深處，幫助深層染料激發，提高短路電流。即時X射線吸收近邊緣結構(X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES))光譜顯示ZnO晶種層薄膜中，鋅之主要物種為奈米級ZnO(100%)，經過水熱法成長ZnO奈米柱薄膜，鋅之主要物種為奈米級ZnO(88%)及Zn(OH)2(12%)。ZnO奈米柱薄膜吸附N3及mercurochrome染料後，發現奈米級ZnO分別減少至83及80%。X射線吸收光譜之延伸微細結構(Extended X-ray absorption fine structural (EXAFS))光譜顯示，ZnO晶種層薄膜之Zn-O鍵距為1.96 ，經過水熱法成長ZnO奈米柱薄膜，其鍵距微幅減少至1.95 。吸附N3及mercurochrome染料之ZnO奈米住薄膜，配位數分別由5.20降至4.55及4.75。

The fossil fuels have been tremendously consumed. In seeking of alternative energy which can be renewable is becoming an important issue. Solar energy is one of the best choice of available technologies which providing renewable energy. About 0.1% of the earth surface solar energy utilized by solar cells at an efficiency of 10% can provide all necessary energy. Since the development of low cost and high efficiency dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are of great importance and interest, the main objectives of this work were: (1) Synthesis of TiO2 nanoparticles using titanium tetrachloride (TiCl4), (2) Recovery of nanosize TiO2 from Ti-humic acid sludge, (3) Preparation of low cost DSSC photoanodes, (4) Nanoporous TiO2 on DSSC photoanodes of DSSCs, and (5) Speciation of zinc in ZnO nanorod thin films.
Experimentally, it is found that the TiO2 nanoparticles containing mainly anatase can be synthesized with TiCl4. Under sunlight irradiation, the nanosize TiO2 photoanode have an 20% improvement of the overall energy conversion efficiency in comparison to the conventional photoanode made with titanium isopropoxide. TiO2 nanoparticles can also be prepared by calcination of the Ti-humic acid coagulation sludge at 723 K. The recycled TiO2 nanoparticle based DSSC has an efficiency of 5.12%.
The roughness factor of a DSSC photoanode can be improved by oxidization of nanosize hollow carbon spheres to form nanoporous in which dye adsorption can be enhanced. The nanopores in TiO2 can also promote transmittance to excite dye sensitizer uniformly.
The X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra of zinc show that the main zinc species in the ZnO nanorod array on the photoanode are nanosize ZnO (88%) and Zn(OH)2 (12%). Adsorption of N3 (C26H20O10N6S2Ru) and mercurochrome (C20H8Br2HgNa2O6) dyes on the ZnO nanorods involves in chemical interaction and causes decreases the nanosize ZnO fractions from 88 to 83 and 80%, respectively. The extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra also indicate that the coordination numbers (CNs) of the ZnO nanorod photoanode adsorbed with N3 and mercurochrome are 4.6 and 4.8, respectively.

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