在本論文中，我們採用費曼路徑積分形式重新檢視量子力學的基礎公設，特別是與機率和測量相關的公設。此方法提供了一種更為簡潔且以原則為基礎的物理現象解釋，遵循奧卡姆剃刀原則，從而減少量子力學中的推測性成分。我們研究了兩個透過分束器彼此耦合的光子的量子動力學。換句話說，這兩個光子可以透過分束器中的原子相互交換能量，並以兩個模的初始可分離純態開始。通過這類系統，我們重新探討了一些基本且長期存在的問題，包括量子領域中糾纏的產生以及波粒二象性。首先，我們在理論上計算了惠勒的延遲選擇實驗。這一思想實驗可以在同一系統中實現，方法是將其中一個光子轉化為真空態，從而使該系統可以被視為單光子通過分束器的情況。通過解析地求解量子運動方程而不依賴機率性解釋，我們證明了在純量子態中引入量子機率並非必要，因為統計性質通過動力學和測量過程自然湧現。因此，機率在量子框架內本質上是內生的。此外，我們探討了量子糾纏的底層機制。我們觀察到，雖然整體系統仍然滿足確定性的薛丁格方程，但內部因果性被破壞，且子系統的演化在特定條件下表現為非單位的（非幺正）。這些發現為量子糾纏的產生機制提供了新的見解。

In this thesis, we employ the Feynman path integral formulation to re-examine the foundational axioms of quantum mechanics, particularly those related to probability and measurement. This approach offers a more concise and principle-based interpretation of physical phenomena, adhering to the principle of Occam's razor, thereby reducing speculative elements within quantum mechanics. We investigate the quantum dynamics of two photons which are coupled to each other through a beam splitting; in other words, these two photons can interchange the energy to each other by the atoms in the beam splitter, and start with an initially separable pure state for the two modes. Through this kind of system, we review those basic and long-standing questions, including the emergence of entanglement in the quantum realm and wave-particle duality. First, we calculate Wheeler's delayed choice experiment in theory, and this edankenexperiment can be realized within the same system by transforming one of the photons into a vacuum state, thereby allowing the system to be treated as a single photon passing through a beam splitter. By analytically solving the quantum equation of motion without invoking probabilistic interpretations, it is demonstrated that introducing quantum probability into the pure quantum state is unnecessary, as the statistical properties emerge naturally through the dynamics and measurement process. Consequently, probability arises inherently within the quantum framework. On top of that, we explore the underlying mechanisms of the quantum entanglement. We observe that while the total system continues to satisfy the deterministic Schrödinger equation, internal causality is disrupted, and the evolution of the subsystem becomes non-unitary, except under specific conditions. These findings provide insight into the emergence of quantum entanglement.

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