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研究生：	楊瑞庭 Yang, Jui-Ting
論文名稱：	研磨氧化鎳奈米粒子電極界面層於有機鉛碘鈣鈦礦太陽能電池之研究 Grinding Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles as Electrode-Interlayer in Organolead Iodide Perovskite-Based Solar Cells
指導教授：	郭宗枋 Guo, Tzung-Fang
共同指導教授:	朱治偉 Chu, Chih-Wei
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	理學院 - 光電科學與工程學系 Department of Photonics
論文出版年：	2017
畢業學年度：	105
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	110
中文關鍵詞：	氧化鎳奈米粒子、電極界面層、平面異質接面鈣鈦礦太陽能電池、金屬氧化物
外文關鍵詞：	nickel oxide nanoparticles, electrode-interlayer, planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells, metal oxide
相關次數：	點閱：111 下載：0
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本實驗主要研究鈣鈦礦太陽能電池中的P型電極界面層，我們利用物理研磨方式來製備氧化鎳奈米粒子(NiO Nanoparticles)，奈米尺度達到數十奈米，並將金屬氧化物運用於平面異質接面鈣鈦礦太陽能電池，不僅成功取代水溶性電極界面層PEDOT:PSS，由於氧化鎳之能階與鈣鈦礦(CH3NH3PbI3)越匹配越能減少激子在界面的損耗，因此能增加元件的開路電壓和短路電流密度，進而提升元件轉換效率，而氧化鎳也因此在近年來廣受探究。相較於溶膠凝膠法(sol-gel)的氧化鎳電洞傳輸層製備方法，本論文所使用的研磨(Grinding)製備方式更能提升氧化鎳的製備穩定性以及大幅降低後續高溫退火結晶的繁雜過程，提供一個低成本且製程易於未來大面積量產太陽能電池之應用。
在此論文中我們針對Grinding NiO NPs進行多種物理特性分析，例如：粒徑分析、能階分析、元素分析，接著多方面比較此研磨製程與其他氧化鎳製備方試及PEDOT:PSS的差異，例如：薄膜形貌分析、光致發光、AFM、SEM，最後成功使用氧化鎳奈米粒子做為電極界面的元件光電轉換效率能大幅提升到13.92% 且填充因子達到74%。此外，藉由金屬氧化物當作電極界面層更可提升元件的壽命。

This thesis will focus on p-type electrode-interlayer of perovskite solar cells. We utilize physical grinding method to prepare nickel oxide nanoparticles which can reach less than one hundred nanometer. We successfully apply metal oxide as a carrier transporting layer into planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells to substitute PEDOT:PSS. Due to the energy level alignment, it can reduce the carrier loss at the interface between CH3NH3PbI3 and NiO NPs. As a result, the higher open circuit voltage and short circuit current density will both enhance which leads to a higher power conversion efficiency. Comparing to preparation of sol-gel NiOx, our grinding method not only provide a stable process but also simplify the complicated and high temperature annealing process.
We study several physical properties of grinding NiO NPs such as partical size, UPS, XPS and XRD analysis. Furthermore, we take a detail comparison of sol-gel NiOx, PEDOT:PSS and grinding NiO NPs such as thin film, PL, AFM, SEM and TRPL analysis. Finally, we successfully demonstrate a NiO NPs based device which can reach 13.92% efficiency and 0.74 fill factor. In addition, taking advantage of metal oxide which isn’t sensitive to moisture and oxygen and even boost the stability of device to more than 30 days but still maintain 90% performance.

中文摘要	I
Abstract II
誌謝 III
Table of Contents V
List of Table IX
List of Figure X
Chapter 1 Introduction	1
1-1 General background information	1
1-2 History of solar cells	2
1-2-1 First generation solar cell	3
1-2-2 Second generation solar cell	3
1-2-3 Third generation solar cell	4
1-3 Perovskite solar cells	5
1-3-1 Introduction of perovskite solar cell	5
1-3-2 History of perovskite solar cell	6
1-4 Motivation and Scope	11
1-4-1 Motivation of the study	11
1-4-2 Scope of the thesis	12
Chapter 2 Solar cells operation principle and perovskite solar cell technique	14
2-1 Solar cells operation principle	14
2-1-1 Inorganic solar cells operation principle	14
2-1-2 Organic solar cells operation principle	16
2-2 Electrode-Interlayer application in perovskite solar cell	19
2-2-1 Hole transporting layer review	19
2-2-2 Electron transporting layer review	21
2-3 Fabrication of perovskite film	23
2-3-1 Single-step spin-coating process	23
2-3-2 Two-step sequential deposition process	24
2-3-3 Co-evaporation	25
2-3-4 Vapor-assisted solution process	26
2-3-5 Interdiffusion of solution process	27
2-4 Advanced device engineering	29
2-4-1 Solvent engineering	29
2-4-2 Process engineering	31
2-4-3 Band gap engineering	32
2-5 Issues and challenges of perovskite solar cells	35
2-5-1 Stability	35
2-5-2 Toxicity	37
2-6 Characteristics measurement	38
2-6-1 Standard source definition	38
2-6-2 Photovoltaic parameter of solar cell	40
2-7 Summary	43
Chapter 3 Device fabrication and Characterization equipments	44
3-1 Device structure of planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells	44
3-2 The fabrication of perovskite solar cell	46
3-2-1 ITO substrate cutting and etching	46
3-2-2 ITO substrate cleaning	46
3-2-3 Preparation of grinding nickel oxide	47
3-2-4 Fabrication of perovskite active layer	48
3-2-5 Fabrication of electron transporting layer and hole blocking layer	50
3-2-6 Fabrication of Al electrode	51
3-3 Characterization of thin film	52
3-3-1 Scanning electron microscope (SEM)	52
3-3-2 Atomic force microscope (AFM)	53
3-3-3 Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV-vis)	53
3-3-4 Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy	54
3-3-5 Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy	55
3-4 Characterization of device performance	57
3-4-1 Current density-voltage (J-V) measurement system	57
3-4-2 External quantum efficiency (EQE)	58
3-5 Summary	60
Chapter 4 Grinding nickel oxide as electrode-interlayer in perovskite solar cell	61
4-1 Introduction	61
4-2 Physical properties analysis of NiO NPs	63
4-2-1 Dynamic light scattering analysis	63
4-2-2 X-ray diffraction analysis	65
4-2-3 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis	67
4-2-4 Ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy analysis	68
4-3 Analysis of NiO NPs and PEDOT:PSS as a HTL in perovskite solar cell	71
4-3-1 Morphology analysis for NiO NPs	71
4-3-2 Transmittance analysis for NiO NPs and PEDOT:PSS	72
4-3-3 Morphology analysis with perovskite layer	73
4-3-4 PL and TRPL analysis for NiO NPs and PEDOT:PSS	74
4-3-5 Device performance	77
4-4 Analysis of different nickel oxide process as a HTL in perovskite solar cells	79
4-4-1 PL analysis	79
4-4-2 Absorption analysis	80
4-4-3 Morphology analysis	82
4-4-4 Device performance	84
4-5 Device performance with NiO NPs as a HTL in perovskite solar cells	87
4-5-1 Different concentration	88
4-5-2 Multilayer structure	90
4-5-3 Different spin speed with bilayers structure	93
4-5-4 Device stability and EQE analysis	95
4-6 Summary	99
Chapter 5 Conclusion and Future perspectives	101
5-1 Conclusion	101
5-2 Future work	102
5-2-1 Substitution of dispersion solvent	102
5-2-2 Double grinding metal oxide transporting layer	102
5-2-3 Mechanism study of Ni2+ and Ni3+ composition in nickel oxide	104
Reference	105


                                    

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