太陽能電力擷取系統中，其整體轉換效率通常除取決於太陽能電池的轉換效率外，也受到最大功率點追蹤效能及電源轉換器之轉換效率等其他因素的影響。分散式太陽能電力系統，經證明於太陽能電池遭遇到部分遮蔽、表面髒污及各電池出廠特性不匹配等狀況時，相較於傳統集中型太陽能電力系統具有更高之系統運作效率。本論文針對分散式太陽能電力系統提出兩種MPPT系統架構：基於二次式極值配合PI穩壓的分散式MPPT控制，及利用最陡梯度法配合黃金分割實現多維度MPPT控制。系統基本特性及太陽能MPPT過程等的模擬是利用NI Multisim and LabVIEW Co-simulation完成。在二次式極值演算法效能的評估上，除模擬計算外，並將其套用至水面船上驗證其運作的可靠性。針對利用最陡梯度法的多維度MPPT，本文也針對各種不同的操作狀況進行模擬計算。本文最後分別針對二次式分散式控制及最陡梯度多維度MPPT於系統系館頂樓做一系列暫態及長時間的實驗測試，並將兩者實驗結果進行比較及討論。

In general, a good design of photovoltaic power harvesting systems is the consequence of high efficiency of the solar panel, the maximum power point tracking, MPPT method, and inverter for grid-connection or battery management system for stand-alone application. It has been also shown that a distributed PV system has a higher solar efficiency than the traditional centralized system, since the solar panels usually experience partial shading, dust, and panel mismatching conditions, etc. during operations. In this thesis, two novel maximum power point tracking methodologies are presented for two different types of distributed system: the distributed MPPT is achieved by using the quadratic maximization with PI voltage regulation; the multi-dimensional MPPT is achieved by using the steepest descent and golden section search algorithm. System simulation is carried out by using NI Multisim and LabVIEW Co-simulation. A robust module-integrated-converter using PI control is also designed and tested for the proposed system. The MPPT performance of the quadratic maximization method is first benchmark tested, and then this algorithm is adopted on a moving ship to verify its reliability. The performance is proved to be better than the popular perturb-and-observe method. The distributed MPPT technology using the quadratic maximization method has been tested on a stationary foundation, and the results compared with a traditional centralized PV system has also been made. Comprehensive simulations and test results for the multi-dimensional MPPT method for the distributed system are reported. Comparison between these two methods are also given in the end.

[1] M. Calais, J. Myrzik, T. Spooner, and V. G. Agelidis, “Inverters for single-phase grid connected photovoltaic systems – an overview,” in Proc. of IEEE 33th Annual Power Electron. Spec. Conf., vol. 4, pp. 1995-2000, June 2002.
[2] B. Decker and U. Jahn, “Performance of 170 grid connected PV plants in northern Germany-analysis of yields and optimization potentials,” Solar Energy, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 127-133, June 1997.
[3] K. Kurokawa, H. Sugiyama, and D. Uchida, “Extended performance analysis of 70 PV systems in Japanese field test program,” in Proc. of IEEE 26th Photovoltaic Spec. Conf., pp.1249-1252, Sep. 1997.
[4] A. Woyte, J. Nijs, and R. Belmans, “Partial shadowing of photovoltaic arrays with different system configurations: literature review and field test results,” Solar En-ergy, vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 217-233, March 2003.
[5] G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli, “Analytical model of mismatched photo-voltaic fields by means of Lambert W-function,” Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells, vol. 91, no. 18, pp. 1652-1657, Nov. 2007.
[6] F. Martínez-Moreno, J. Muñoz, and E. Lorenzo, “Experimental model to estimate shading losses on PV arrays,” Solar Energy Mater. Solar Cells, vol. 94, no. 12, pp. 2298-2303, Dec. 2010.
[7] E.V. Paraskevadaki and S. A. Papathanassiou, “Evaluation of MPP voltage and pow-er of mc-Si PV modules in partial shading conditions,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 923-932, Sep. 2011.
[8] S. R. Chowdhury, and H. Saha, “Maximum power point tracking of partially shaded solar photovoltaic arrays,” Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 94, no. 9, pp. 1441-1447, Sep. 2010.
[9] A. Kouchaki, H. Iman-Eini, and B. Asaei, “A new maximum power point tracking strategy for PV arrays under uniform and non-uniform insolation conditions,” Solar Energy, vol. 91, pp. 221-232, May 2013.
[10] A. Mäki, S. Valkealahti, and J. Leppäaho, “Operation of series-connected sili-con-based photovoltaic modules under partial shading conditions,” Prog. Photovolt.: Res. Appl., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 298-309, May 2012.
[11] J. H. R. Enslin, M. S. Wolf, and D. B. Snyman, “Integrated maximum power point tracking converter,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 44, no. 6, pp. 343-349, Dec. 1997.
[12] G. R. Walker and P. C. Sernia, “Cascaded DC-DC converter connection of photovol-taic modules,” in Proc. of IEEE 33rd Annual Power Electron. Spec. Conf., vol. 1, pp.24-29, June 2002.
[13] G. R. Walker, J. K. Xue, and P. C. Sernia, “PV String per-module maximum power point enabling converters,” in Proc. of Australaian Universities Power Engineering Conference, pp. 112-117, Sep. 2003.
[14] N. Femia, M. Fortunato, G. Lisi, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli, “Guide-lines for the optimization of P&O technique for grid-connected double-stage photo-voltaic systems,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. Ind. Electron., pp. 2420-2425, June 2007.
[15] N. Femia, G. Lisi, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli, “Distributed maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic arrays: novel approach and system analysis,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 2610-2621, July 2008.
[16] G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli, “An analog technique for distributed MPPT PV applications,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 12, pp. 4713-4722, Dec. 2012.
[17] G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli, “TEODI: A new technique for distributed maximum power point tracking PV applications,” in Proc. of 2010 IEEE Int. Conf. Ind. Tech., pp. 982-987, March 2010.
[18] C. A. Ramos-Paja, G. Spagnuolo, G. Petrone, M. Vitelli, and J. D. Bastidas, “A mul-tivariable MPPT algorithm for granular control of photovoltaic systems,” in Proc. of IEEE Int. Symp. Ind. Electron., pp. 3433-3437, July 2010.
[19] G. Petrone, C. A. Ramos-Paja, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli, “Granular control of photovoltaic arrays by means of a multi-output Maximum Power Point Tracking al-gorithm,” Prog. Photovolt. Res. Appl., vol. 21, no. 5, pp. 918-932, Aug. 2012.
[20] T. Markvart and L.Castaner, Practical Handbook of Photovoltaics: Fundamentals and Applications, Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd, 2003.
[21] B. K. Bose, P. M. Szczesny, and R. L. Steigerwald, “Microcomputer control of a residential photovoltaic power conditioning system,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. IA-21, no. 5, pp. 1182-1191, Sep. 1985.
[22] L. Kenneth and Kennerud, “Analysis of performance degradation in CdS solar cells,” IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst., vol. AES-5, no. 6, pp. 912-917, Nov. 1969.
[23] R. W. Erickson and D. Maksimovic´, Fundamental of Power Electronics, Norwell, MA: Kluwer, 2001.
[24] A. Elasser, M. Agamy, J. Sabate, R. Steigerwald, R. Fisher, and M. Harf-man-Todorovic, “A comparative study of central and distributed MPPT architectures for megawatt utility and large scale commercial photovoltaic plants,” in Proc. of 36th Annual Conf. on IEEE Ind. Electron. Society, pp. 2753-2758, Nov. 2010.
[25] W. Xiao, W. G. Dunford, P. R. Palmer, and A. Capel, “Regulation of photovoltaic voltage,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 1365-1374, June 2007.
[26] H. Patel and V. Agarwal, “MPPT Scheme for a PV-Fed Single-Phase Single-Stage Grid-Connected Inverter Operating in CCM With Only One Current Sensor,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 24, no. 19, pp. 256-263, March 2009.
[27] F. Liu, S. Duan, F. Liu, B. Liu, and Y. Kang, “A Variable Step Size INC MPPT Method for PV Systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 2622-2628, July 2008.
[28] G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, R. Teodorescu, M. Veerachary, and M. Vitelli, “Reliabil-ity Issues in Photovoltaic Power Processing Systems,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 55, no. 7, pp.2569-2580, July 2008.
[29] T. Esram and P. L. Chapman, “Comparison of Photovoltaic Array Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol. 22, no. 2, pp. 439-449, June 2007.
[30] S. Jain and V. Agarwal, “Comparison of the Performance of Maximum Power Point Tracking Schemes Applied to Signal-stage Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems,” IET Electric Power Applications, vol. 1, no. 5, pp. 753-762, Sep. 2007.
[31] V. Salas, E. Olías, A. Barrado, and A. Lázaro,” Review of the Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms for Stand-alone Photovoltaic Systems,” Solar Energy Mater. and Solar Cells, vol. 90, no. 11, pp. 1555-1578, July 2006.
[32] E. Koutroulis, K. Kalaitzakis, and N. C. Voulgaris, “Development of a Microcon-trollerbased, Photovoltaic Maximum Power Point Tracking Control System,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 16, no.1, pp.46-54, Jan. 2001.
[33] N. Femia, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, and M. Vitelli, “Optimization of perturb and observe maximum power point tracking method,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 20, no. 4, pp. 963-973, July, 2005.
[34] K. H. Hussein, I. Muta, T. Hshino, and M. Osakada, “Maximum photovoltaic power tracking: an algorithm for rapidly changing atmospheric conditions,” in Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. 142, no. 1, pp. 59-64, Jan. 1995.
[35] R. M. Chao, S. H. Ko, F. S. Pai, I. H. Lin and C. C. Chang, “Evaluation a Photovoltaic Energy Mechatronics System with Built in Quadratic Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm,” Solar Energy, vol.83, no. 12, pp. 2177-2185, Dec. 2009.
[36] F. S. Pai and R. M. Chao, “A New Algorithm to Photovoltaic Power Point Tracking Problems with Quadratic Maximization,” IEEE Trans. Energy Convers., vol.25, no. 1, pp. 262-264, March 2010.
[37] S. H. Ko and R. M. Chao, “Photovoltaic dynamic MPPT on a moving vehicle,” Solar Energy, vol. 86, no. 6, pp. 1750 – 1760, June 2012.
[38] W. Bower, “Performance Test Protocol for Evaluating Inverters Used in Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems,” Institute for Sustainable Technology, 2004.
[39] E. K. P. Chong and S.H. Zak, An introduction to optimization, 2nd Ed., New York: Wiley, 2001.