登革病毒 (DENV) 是一種經由節肢動物傳播的致病原，透過埃及斑蚊和白線斑蚊的叮咬而感染人類，主要發生在熱帶和亞熱帶國家。登革病毒感染造成的疾病，從較輕微的登革熱 (DF)，到嚴重的登革出血熱 (DHF) 和登革休克症候群 (DSS)。登革病毒非結構蛋白1 (NS1) 是一個分子量43 kDa的醣蛋白，以二聚體 (dimer) 的型式表現在感染的細胞表面上，或是以六聚體 (hexamer) 的型式分泌到登革病患的血清中。目前為止，雖然對於NS1的確切功能還不是很清楚，但是最近有研究指出NS1能夠結合上補體系統當中的補體4 (C4) 和C4結合蛋白 (C4b binding protein)，並且抑制補體的活化。除此之外，分泌出來的NS1可以作為早期診斷登革感染的生物標記。在本研究中，我們利用酵素連結免疫分析法發現在登革病人血清中的NS1可以結合凝血因子II (凝血酶) 以及有NS1和凝血酶的複合物存在，並進一步使用重組NS1 (rNS1) 藉由酵素連結免疫分析法、蛋白質交互作用沉澱試驗 (pull down assay) 和rNS1親和性管柱層析法來證實NS1與凝血酶原或凝血酶之間的結合。雖然rNS1可以結合凝血酶卻不影響凝血酶的活性，然而rNS1會去抑制凝血酶原的活化，使活性部分凝血酶時間 (APTT) 延長，並用抑制凝血酶原活化的呈色試驗來證明。綜合來說，這些實驗結果表示NS1與凝血酶原的結合，並抑制其凝血酶原活化，而導致在DHF/DSS的病患中有出血的情形。依據NS1可以結合凝血酶原和凝血酶，我們更進一步製造抗NS1之單株抗體來偵測登革病人血清內NS1與凝血酶的複合物。我們將rNS1免疫BALB/c小鼠利用融合瘤技術產生專一性高的NS1單株抗體，最後得到七株單株抗體藉由酵素連結免疫分析法和流式細胞儀都可以辨認到rNS1以及登革病毒感染的細胞，這些單株抗體未來可以應用到偵測登革病人體內的NS1。

Dengue virus (DENV) is an arthropod-borne human pathogen, which infects human through mosquito Aedes albopictus and Aedes aegypti and mainly occurs in tropical and subtropical countries. DENV infection can cause disease from mild febrile to severe dengue hemorrhage fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS). Dengue nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) is a 43 kDa glycoprotein which is expressed as a dimer on infected cell surface or secreted in hexamer form in DENV-infected patient’s serum. Secreted NS1 can be a diagnostic marker for dengue infection. However, the precise function of NS1 is littlely known, except recently it is found that NS1 can bind to complement proteins C4 and C4b binding protein (C4BP) and inhibit complement pathway activation. In this study we found NS1 could bind to coagulation factor II (thrombin) and form NS1-thrombin complex in dengue patients’ sera by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The binding of NS1 to prothrombin or thrombin was further confirmed, using recombinant NS1 (rNS1) and different assays such as ELISA, pull-down assay and rNS1-affinity column purification. Furthermore, binding of rNS1 to prothrombin inhibited prothrombin activation which was demonstrated by prolongation of activated partial thromboplastin time and inhibition of prothrombin activation-induced chromogenic change. Taken together, these results suggest NS1 can bind to prothrombin and inhibit its activation, which may contribute to the hemorrhage in DHF/DSS patients. Based on the finding that NS1 can bind to prothrombin/thrombin, we further generated anti-NS1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to detect NS1-thrombin complex in dengue patients’ sera. We used rNS1 to immunize BALB/c mice to generate mAbs specifically against NS1 by hybridoma technology. We got 7 mAbs which could recognize rNS1 and DENV-infected cells by ELISA and flow cytometry. These mAbs can be applied in the future to detect NS1 in DENV infected samples.

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