奈米塑膠 （nanoplastics） 因其微小粒徑與多樣化的表面特性，於水生環境中廣泛存在並可能累積於生物體內，然而其單獨暴露下所引發的毒性效應通常較為有限，對水生生物的生態風險可能被低估。相較之下，重金屬為水體中常見且具高度毒性的污染物，當奈米塑膠與重金屬於環境中共存時，兩者之間的交互作用可能顯著改變奈米塑膠的環境行為與生物效應，但其作用機制仍未被充分釐清。藻類細胞壁作為水生食物鏈初級生產者與外界環境接觸的第一道屏障，其結構與表面性質在污染物於食物鏈中的累積扮演重要角色。
本研究透過建立藻類至水蚤的水生食物鏈模型，探討重金屬與奈米塑膠共暴露，對細胞壁的作用機制如何影響奈米塑膠於藻類中的累積行為，並進一步評估其於食物鏈中的轉移與毒性表現。研究結果顯示，鉻主要透過造成藻類細胞壁結構損傷並增加細胞壁孔徑率，促進奈米塑膠進入細胞內部累積，鉛則傾向於與藻類細胞壁及奈米塑膠產生高度吸附作用，降低兩者間的靜電排斥，使奈米塑膠大量累積於細胞表面。在食物鏈試驗的結果顯示，重金屬與奈米塑膠共暴露可顯著提升奈米塑膠由藻類傳遞至水蚤的轉移量，並延長其於水蚤體內的停留時間。單獨奈米塑膠或重金屬所引發的毒性效應有限。在重金屬與奈米塑膠共暴露下，水蚤出現顯著的生理性損傷，包括攝食率降低與氧化壓力上升，並於鉛與奈米塑膠共暴露時產生顯著的急毒性。
整體而言，本研究證實重金屬與奈米塑膠共暴露下可透過兩種截然不同的藻類細胞壁作用機制，增強奈米塑膠於水生食物鏈中的轉移與毒性表現。顯現出奈米塑膠、重金屬與初級生產者之間交互作用在水生生態風險評估中的重要性。

Nanoplastics (NPs), owing to their small particle size and diverse surface properties, are ubiquitous in aquatic environments and may accumulate in aquatic organisms. However, the ecological risks associated with nanoplastics alone are often considered limited. In contrast, heavy metals are common and highly toxic aquatic pollutants, and their coexistence with nanoplastics may substantially alter the environmental behavior and biological effects of NPs, although the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. As the first interface between primary producers and the surrounding environment, the algal cell wall plays a critical role in regulating pollutant accumulation and trophic transfer.
In this study, an algae–Daphnia aquatic food chain model was established to investigate how co-exposure to heavy metals and nanoplastics affects nanoplastic accumulation in algae through distinct cell wall–mediated mechanisms, and to further evaluate subsequent trophic transfer and toxicity. The results demonstrated that chromium (Cr) induced structural damage to the algal cell wall and increased cell wall porosity, thereby facilitating nanoplastic internalization and intracellular accumulation. In contrast, lead (Pb) exhibited strong adsorption to both the algal cell wall and nanoplastics, reducing electrostatic repulsion and resulting in pronounced surface accumulation. Co-exposure significantly enhanced nanoplastic trophic transfer to Daphnia and prolonged their retention time. While nanoplastics or metals alone induced limited toxicity, co-exposure caused feeding inhibition, elevated oxidative stress, and pronounced acute toxicity, particularly under Pb co-exposure.
Overall, this study highlights the importance of metal–algae interactions in shaping nanoplastic trophic transfer and ecological risk in aquatic ecosystems.

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