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研究生：	熊東澧 Hsiung, Tung-Li
論文名稱：	奈米光觸媒降解毒性物質 Degradation of toxic compounds effected by nanosize photocatalysts
指導教授：	王鴻博 Wang, H. Paul
學位類別：	博士 Doctor
系所名稱：	工學院 - 環境工程學系 Department of Environmental Engineering
論文出版年：	2010
畢業學年度：	98
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	256
中文關鍵詞：	光催化、可見光催化、奈米二氧化鈦、奈米鈦管、光催化活性基、三氯甲烷、二氯酚、X射線吸收光譜之延伸區微結構、X射線近邊緣結構吸收光譜
外文關鍵詞：	Photocatalysis, active sites, nanosize TiO2, titanium nanotube, mesoporous TiO2, visible light photocataysts, CHCl3, 2-chlorophenol, XANES, EXAFS, arsenic
相關次數：	點閱：107 下載：0
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本研究之主要概念是應用光催化技術於環境毒性物質之降解，此種尊循環境自淨之自然法則，發展新型光催化技術，以環境友善之太陽能源降低環境中人為之污染物，另外也利用同步輻射X-射線吸收光譜分析TiO2光催化活性基，以了解光催化毒性污染物之反應機制。因此本研究之主要目的是合成新穎性奈米光觸媒，並且分析其催化活性基及光催化之反應機制。
X射線近邊緣結構吸收光譜(XANES)可區分A1、A2及A3三種主要光催化活性基及鍵結結構組成，在不同形態之奈米TiO2光觸媒(奈米TiO2、TiO2奈米管(TNT)、中孔洞TiO2 (meso-TiO2)、TiO2/SBA-15、TiO2-SiO2及Ti-MCM-41)，其中，A2似乎是光催化降解有機物(例如：亞甲基藍(MB)、三氯甲烷(CHCl3)及二氯酚(2CP))最主要之光催化活性基。另外即時(in-situ) XANES光譜顯示奈米CuO/TiO2可光催化降解MB或CHCl3，銅可接收電子光催化降解亞甲基藍；銅也可以在光催化降解CHCl3作為電子贈與者。另外，也利用離子溶液合成奈米meso-TiO2可見光觸媒，此種N改質meso-TiO2之可見光催化分解MB活性遠高於傳統奈米TiO2。在光催化氧化三價砷(As(III))及腐質酸-As(III)錯合物之反應機制研究中，發現TNT具選擇性氧化As(III)至As(V)以降低其毒性及擴散性，並且指出光誘發之•O2可能是主要氧化劑。若Cu(II)存在，部分(95%)光激發電子被Cu(II)消粍，As(III)之氧化速率及選擇性也降低。
本研究主要成果包括：(1)分析奈米TiO2之光催化活性基以作為設計光觸媒之參考；(2)發展小角度X-射線散射光譜(SAXS)分析TiO2奈米管生成機制；(3)發展新型光觸媒降解毒性含氯有機污染物；與(4)了解As(III)氧化生成毒性及擴散性較低之As(V)及其在TiO2奈米管之光催化反應機制。

The present work includes the studies of photocatalytic degradation of environmental toxic compounds such as trichloromethane, 2-chlorophenol, and arsenic (As(III)) on nanosize TiO2 based photocatalysts. X-ray absorption spectroscopy was used in characterization of valence and local structure (<1 nm) of photoactive species in the photocatalysts. Molecular structure information such as coordination number, bond distance, and oxidation state of elements has been determined by X-ray absorption (near-edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS)) spectroscopy. By XANES, A1, A2 and A3 can be distinguished as four-, five-, and six- coordinated Ti species, respectively on the nano- and subnano-size TiO2 (such as nanosize TiO2, TiO2 nanotube, mesoporous TiO2, TiO2/SBA-15, TiO2-SiO2, and Ti-MCM-41). The A2 sites which are the main photocatalytic species on the nanosize TiO2 for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB), trichloromethane (CHCl3), and 2-chlorophenol (2CP). Moreover, by in-situ XANES spectroscopy, copper on TiO2 thin film acts as electron acceptor or electron donor during photocatlaytic oxidation of methylene blue and reduction of CHCl3, respectively. Photocatalytic degradation of CHCl3 on the CuO dispersed TiO2 is enhanced, suggesting the electron donation (from the encapsulated TiO2) to CuO enriched on the surface. During photocatalytic degradation of MB, CuO in the CuO/TiO2 thin films was, to some extent, reduced and the bond distance of Cu-O was decreased by 0.03 Å. The visible light photocatalysts (meso N-TiO2) has a remarkable photoreactivity in photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. The meso N-TiO2 has a conversion of 87% for photocatalytic degradation of mthylene blue under visible light radiation for seven hours. By in-situ XAS spectroscopy, As(III) is oxidized with the photoexcited holes (h+) (As(III) + 2h+ → As(V)) while the not-recombined e- may be scavenged with O2 on the surfaces of the TNT during photocatalysis. The apparent first-order rate constant for the photocatalytic interconversion of As(III) to As(V) is 0.0148 min-1. In the absence of O2, on the contrary, about 28% of As(III) are reduced to As(0). The HA-As(III) complexes can also be photocatalytic oxidation to form less toxic and mobility As(V) on the TNT.

中文摘要............................................................................................................................. I
ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................... III
謝誌..................................................................................................................................... V
CONTENT........................................................................................................................ VI
LIST OF TABLES.......................................................................................................... VIII
LIST OF FIGURES....................................................................................................... XIV

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................... 1

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE SURVEY............................................................................ 5
   2.1 Toxic Chlorinated Organic Compounds-Trihalomethans and 2-Chlorophenol..........5
   2.2Toxic Inorganic Compound-Arsenic...........................................................................8
   2.3 Physical and Chemical properties of photocatalysts…………………..................... 9
   2.4 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy……………………………………...................... 39

CHAPTER 3 EXPERIMENTAL METHODS…………………………………............ 55
   3.1 Preparation of catalysts........................................................................................... 55
      3.1.1 Preparation of nanosize TiO2......................................................................... 55
      3.1.2 Preparation of TiO2-SiO2............................................................................... 55
      3.1.3 Preparation of TiO2/SBA-15.......................................................................... 55
      3.1.4 Preparation of Ti-MCM-41............................................................................ 56
      3.1.5 Preparation of CuO/TiO2 thin film............................................................... . 56
         3.1.6 Preparation of TiO2 nanotubes....................................................................... 56
      3.1.7 Preparation of nitrogen doped mesoporous TiO2 via ionic liquid.................. 57
      3.1.8 Preparation of mesoporous TiO2.................................................................... 57
   3.2 Characterization of catalysts................................................................................... 58
      3.2.1 X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD)......................................................... 58
      3.2.2 Transmission electron microscopy (TEM).................................................... 58
      3.2.3 Diffuse reflectance ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (DR UV-VIS).............. 59
      3.2.4 Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm...................................................... 59
      3.2.5 X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS)............................................................... 59
      3.2.6 Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)............................................................. 59
      3.2.7 Raman spectroscopy...................................................................................... 60
      3.2.8 X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS).......................................................... 60
3.3 Photocatalysis experiment detail...............................................................................61
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…………………………………..............66 
   4.1 Photocatalytic active site in nanosize TiO2.......................................................... 66
4.1a Chemical structure of photocactive sites in nanosize TiO2 for photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue…..................................................................... 67
4.1b XANES studies of photocatalytic active species in nanosize TiO2-SiO2........75
4.1c Speciation of active sites during photocatalytic degradation of CHCl3 in 
nanosize TiO2…………................................................................................... 83
4.1d Photocatalytic degradation of 2-chlorophenol in nanosize, nanotube,
 and mesoporous TiO2………………………………....................…….....…. 94
4.1e Possible reaction mechanisms for photocatalytic oxidation of 2-chlorophenol 
in nanosize and mesoporous TiO2.................................................................. 111
   4.2 In-situ XANNES studies for photocatalysis...................................................... 114
4.2a In-situ XANES studies of CuO/TiO2 thin films during photocatalytic 
degradation of CHCl3..................................................................................... 115
4.2b In-situ XANES studies of CuO/TiO2 thin films during photodegradation 
of methylene blue.......................................................................................... 123
4.3	Visible light photocatalysts................................................................................  130
4.3  Chemical structure of nitrogen-doped mesoporous TiO2 prepared with ionic
liquids...........................................................................................................  131
4.4	Photocatalytic oxidation of As(III) and HA-As(III)
4.4a Photocatalytic oxidation of As(III) effected by titanium nanotubes............. 140
4.4b Photocatalytic oxidation of humic acid-As(III) complexes effected by titanium
nanotubes...................................................................................................... 156
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS...................................................................................... 160
APPENDIXS.................................................................................................................... 162 
A1. Speciation of nanosize copper in micro- and meso-porous molecular sieves............ 162
A2. Photocatalytic degradation of spill oils on TiO2 nanotube thin Films........................ 172
A3. Greenhouse gases (CO2) capture by dual-alkaline absorption process from 
coal fire power plant................................................................................................... 182
A4. SAXS studies of formation mechanism of titanium nanotubes and 
mesoporous TiO2........................................................................................................ 242
REFERENCES................................................................................................................ 247 
CURRICULUM VITAE..................................................................................................253

                                    

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