噴塗經常運用在船舶或鋼構業的建造和維護，然而國際癌症研究中心 (IARC) 於1989 年指出，從事油漆作業之勞工可能會引起間皮瘤、膀胱癌和肺癌。雖然已有許多研究進行噴塗作業勞工之揮發性有機化合物暴露評估，但其暴露評估因受限於時間及經費仍以橫斷性研究為主。因此，本研究針對造船廠及鋼構廠噴塗部門之作業勞工，進行個人揮發性有機化合物空氣及皮膚之採樣，了解汙染物逸散情形及影響暴露量之因子。本研究分別選擇三種空氣定量暴露模式(渦流擴散模式「Turbulent Eddy Diffusion Model」、近場煙流擴散模式「Near Field Plume Model」、完全混合模式「Well-mixed Box Model」)及四種皮膚定量暴露模式(多重皮膚暴露劑量預測推估模式「Dermal Model 1」、噴漆作業皮膚沉積定量預測模式 「Dermal Model 2」、空氣皮膚定量預測模式「Dermal Model 3」、空氣皮膚定量預測模式「Dermal Model 4」)進行推估，以原物料使用記錄建立長期暴露資料庫，結合部分環測數據，藉由貝氏決策分析技術，進行勞工長期呼吸及皮膚暴露之健康風險評估。本研究選取噴塗作業常使用到的化學溶劑包括二甲苯、乙苯、正丁醇及異丁醇等進行空氣及皮膚暴露評估，並以活性碳管及活性碳纖維進行個人空氣及皮膚採樣，兩者皆以氣相層析儀串聯火焰離子偵測器進行揮發性有機化合物之定量分析。結果顯示噴塗作業呼吸道之暴露濃度高低為：半開放腔體噴漆作業>腔體噴漆作業>室外噴漆作業>調漆作業>刷漆作業；噴塗作業之皮膚暴露濃度高低為：半開放腔體噴漆作業>腔體噴漆作業> 調漆作業>室外噴漆作業>刷漆作業；各噴塗作業以手掌、腿部相較於其他部位有比較高之暴露量。本研究發現空氣定量暴露模式以渦流擴散模式「Turbulent Eddy Diffusion Model」最合適；皮膚定量暴露模式在噴漆及調漆部分，分別以Dermal Model 2及Dermal Model 4最為合適。以貝氏決策分析評估勞工長期呼吸道有機化合物暴露風險，在造船廠的部分，噴漆作業之各物質暴露量皆大於50% PEL，調漆作業之各物質暴露量皆大於10% PEL；在鋼構廠中，噴漆作業之暴露量皆大於10% PEL；以貝氏決策分析評估勞工長期皮膚有機化合物暴露風險，在造船廠及鋼構廠中，顯示各噴塗作業之二甲苯暴露量皆大於50% PEL，而乙苯及正丁醇暴露量皆大於1%PEL。本研究建議應採取管控措施，例如隔離、工程控制或使用合適的個人防護設備，以降低噴漆作業產生的之暴露危害。

Spraying is often used in the construction and maintenance of shipyards and steel structures. In 1989, IARC indicates that occupational exposure, as a painter exposed, is carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). To conduct long-term exposure assessment has become an important issue for evaluating health risks posed on spraying workers. Therefore, this study was set out to test the feasibility combining both air and dermal quantitative exposure models with the corresponding personal samplings for assessing sparying workers’ long-term exposures via the Bayesian decision analysis (BDA) technique. The spraying practice information was applied to the three quantitative models for inhalatory exposure(Turbulent eddy diffusion model, near field plume model and well-mixed box model) and four for dermal exposure(Dermal Model 1, 2, 3, 4)to estimate the exposures concentrations of spraying labors, respectively. Results show that the inhalatory and dermal exposure concentration of semi-opening chamber spraying was highest and painting was lowest. Palms and legs were found with higher exposures than that of other body segments. Workers’ inhalatory exposure profiles of all studied chemicals obtained from BDA show that the exposure of spraying is consistently greater than 50% PEL, painting is consistently greater than 10% PEL; in steel construction industry, spraying is consistently greater than 10% PEL. Workers’ dermal exposure profiles estimated by BDA show that xylene exposures of spraying were greater than 50%PEL; ethylbenzene, n-butanol and isobutanol exposure were greater than 1%PEL. Hence, control measures (e.g., isolation, engineering controls, using personal protecting equipment) are suggested for spraying for reducing their exposure levels.

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