研究背景
　　高齡勞動議題是國際研究趨勢，也是臺灣目前正面臨的議題。臺灣將在 2025 年進入「超高齡社會」，過去30年來臺灣高齡勞參率從未突破11%，2015年更只有8.78%，並且是亞洲國家最低。而幸福感為社會發展的重要指標之一，且許多文獻指出參與活動與有較高幸福感相關。許多國家都把促進老年人晚年生活美好，視為公共衛生政策的重要策略。本研究運用跨期資料，探討20年以來臺灣民眾的工作、健康與幸福感關係。

研究目的
　　探討臺灣中高齡族群參與工作、健康與幸福感長期的變化情況及三者的關係。主要研究問題如下：
一、20年來，臺灣中高齡族群之參與工作、健康狀況及幸福感的變化情況。
二、健康狀況、工作與幸福感的相關性。
三、健康狀況、工作與幸福感的相關性在年齡層的差異比較。

研究方法
　　本研究樣本來自五波臺灣社會變遷基本調查( Taiwan Social Chang Survey )，分別使用1995、1997、2000、2005、2007、2009、2011、2013及2015年共九個年度的資料。資料收集時間橫跨20年，總樣本數共19,301，分成18~44歲、45~64歲及65歲以上三個年齡層進行分析。分析方法使用迴歸分析探討參與工作與健康因素如何影響幸福感。

研究發現
研究發現臺灣民眾過去20年來幸福感雖隨時期有所變動，並沒有一致趨勢。在九個年度的資料，全部顯示健康越佳，幸福感越高，年輕族群 ( β = 0.21 ~ 0.43 )，中高齡族群 ( β = 0.28 ~ 0.45 )，高齡族群 ( β = 0.31 ~ 0.46 )。老年族群中的健康迴歸係數顯著大於年輕族群與中高齡族群。且健康變項之迴歸係數亦高於其他變數。女性的幸福感較佳，但是在老年族群並無顯著性別差異。宗教並不影響臺灣人民的幸福感。其他在眾多文獻已證實有正向效果的變項如教育、婚姻狀況、及工作，僅在某些年代顯示對幸福感有顯著的正向影響，並非全部年度皆有。在年齡層比較上，上述因素 ( 性別、教育及婚姻狀況 ) 對年輕、中年人影響力較大，但對65歲以上老年人的幸福感並無顯著影響力。最後，本研究發現65歲以上的高齡族群，工作與幸福感呈現負相關。

SUMMARY
The study focused on the association between health, work participation and happiness across three generation groups (young, middle-aged and elderly) in Taiwan. This study used nine databases which were obtained from the Taiwan Social Chang Survey. The total sample was 19,301. Simple linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between health, work participation and happiness. The results showed that: first, happiness changed by period but didn’t have consistent trend over past two decades. Second, Second, better health is shown correlation positively with higher happiness in three age groups in nine databases, significantly in the elderly (over 65 years old). Third, other factors which had positive effect on happiness had been proved by previous research, such as education, gender, and marriage show positive effect in some period. Moreover, these positive effects are different from three age groups. Those factors have significant impact on the young and the middle-aged adults; almost don’t affect elderly’s happiness. After all, we find that work participation is negatively related with happiness in the elderly.

Keywords: happiness, work participation, middle-aged and older adults, self-rated health

INTRODUCTION
Elderly labor force participation is an international research trend and what is Taiwan facing now. Taiwan will become a “hyper-aged society’’ in 2025, but the labor force participation rate for those over 65 years of ages never breaks through 11% over the past three decades in Taiwan. In 2015, Taiwan’s elderly labor force participation rate is only 8.78%, the lowest in the Asian countries. However, happiness is one of the important indexes of social development. Many research literatures indicate there was significant positive correlation between activity participation and happiness. Many countries take promoting older adults’ later life good as an important strategy of public health policy. Therefore, this study focused on the association of health, work and happiness on Taiwanese over the past two decades in Taiwan by using panel data.

This study was to discuss the long-term change and the association of health, work and happiness across three generation groups in Taiwan. The main questions in this study were: (1) Over past two decades, the change of Taiwanese’s health, work and happiness. (2) What is the association of health, work participation and happiness? (3) To compare the association of health, work participation and happiness from different age groups.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
This study used nine databases which are obtained from the Taiwan Social Chang Survey: 1995, 1997, 2000, 2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013 and 2015. Samples are taken from past twenty years, providing a total of 19,301 people who are divided into three age groups: the young age (18-44 years old), the middle-age (45-64 years old), and the old age (over 65 years old). Simple linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between health, work participation and happiness.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
First, happiness changed by period but didn’t have consistent trend over past two decades. Second, better health is shown correlation positively with higher happiness in three age groups in nine databases, significantly in the elderly (over 65 years old). The regression coefficients of self-rated health in the young was 0.21 to 0.43, in the middle-aged was 0.28 to 0.45 and in the elderly was 0.31 to 0.46 in nine databases. The regression coefficients of self-rated health were significant difference between the young and the elderly, the young and the middle-aged which were examined by chow test. Third, other factors which had positive effect on happiness had been proved by previous research, such as education, gender, and marriage show positive effect in some period. Moreover, these positive effects are different from three age groups. Those factors have significant impact on the young and the middle-aged adults; almost don’t affect elderly’s happiness. After all, we find that work participation is negatively related with happiness in the elderly.

Previous literatures indicated there was significant positive correlation between health and happiness, and we had same result in this study, especially in the elderly. But we didn’t find the positive correlation between work participation and happiness in Taiwanese samples that was different with previous literatures. That may due to the culture differences of social participation (Hsu, 2007a).
CONCLUSION
According to the results of this study, we suggest attaching importance to old adults’ health which is association with their happiness. But we didn’t find strong association between work participation and happiness in this study. However, because of the aging population in Taiwan, middle-aged and older workers will play an important role in the labor market in the near future. The research and discuss with work and happiness in Taiwanese samples should be continued.

The limitations of the study should be acknowledged. First, this study was limited by the sources of secondary data. The results couldn’t infer the causal relationship. Second, the definition of happiness in this study was hedonic well-being, so the results couldn’t be generalized to cognitive well-being and meaningful life. Third, we simplified the questionnaire during analysis that may cause the information loss.

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中華民國法務部 ( 2017 )。全國法規資料庫-就業服務法。取自:http://law.moj.gov.tw/LawClass/LawAll.aspx?PCode=N0090001

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行政院主計處 ( 2017 )。中華民國統計資訊網-勞工統計。取自:http://goo.gl/stNjbh

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