一、 研究起源

老舊建物除了傳承建築工藝，也反映隨生活背景變動所衍生的多樣類型，而這些樣態會隨家戶人口、經濟條件、法律變更等因素相互牽動而演變，如今社會結構與生活方式因為科技甚至疫情產生了巨大變動，對於住宅空間的需求與定義逐漸改變，然而生活週遭大量既存建築卻往往不能滿足或適應時下的使用需求。

站在永續循環的角度，既有建築建造過程大量使用磚塊或混凝土，拆除重建不僅產生大量廢棄汙染物，且後續汙染物的分類也是一大難題，且許多老舊建築面臨拆遷，並非因為建築結構安全問題，而是空間使用不符及管線老舊，那是否應該思考，採用部分拆除的方式，將結構、局部樓板沿用，延長使用週期，並納入開放式建築的概念，使空間使用更靈活，順應各時期的需求。

二、 研究方法與過程

在台灣，連棟式街屋無論在都市或鄉村中都是佔有一定比例的建築類型，且發展過程，蘊含了許多歷史與人文的因素，透過類型學對此進行空間研究，並提取其中重要空間元素，對於過去設計的後巷空間，予以保留，甚至強化，而過於黑暗的區帶，則在導入開放系統時，予以解決。

透過荷蘭、日本、台灣的開放式建築案例研究，彙整所需的技術及項目，依據支架體（Skeleton）與填充體（Infill）進行分類，歸納出設計方法的流程。

首先結構系統所代表的正是開放系統的支架體，是支持一系列彈性變動的基礎，也是左右建築生命週期的主要因素，步驟之目的在於確認結構安全性，並予以延長生命週期，其項目包刮柱樑結構與共同壁的安全性補強。

而後才會進入空間系統，不過並非由開放式系統直接介入，需藉由施作降板，作為開放式系統介入的媒介，而後透過田野調查與類型學分析，發現連棟式長型街屋的問題，源於黑暗帶的空間品質，固本研究將以天井作為改善問題的主要手段，在確立空間整體是健康且舒適的前提下，才會逐步介入開放式系統。

選定應用基地後，便配合家戶變動之研究，設計一系列家戶組成的變化圖，以此為街屋彈性變動的需求依據與成果展現。

三、 重要發現

根據提出的設計方法流程，發現在系統彼此搭接的過程，會出現限制條件或前提，這是在介入開放系統初期就必須思考的，也是作為篩選基地的條件，其分別為：

〈一〉結構受損程度
若街屋結構受損嚴重，且無法透過鋼板或碳纖維材等進行補強，需要以RC補強擴大結構斷面，此舉會嚴重壓縮建築平面，則不建議以改建進行。

〈二〉樓高限制
為配置整體衛浴與明管明線設計，需要採用局部降板搭配高架地板及局部天花之設計，故原空間高度需要分別扣除高架地板之高度（約25公分）與天花高度（約30公分），剩下的淨高才是真實室內使用高度。

〈三〉管道間與整體衛浴配置
用水空間均配置於降板空間，使衛浴使用平面與室內地板等高，其排水管線需與垂直管道間直接連通，故管道間與用水空間須配置於同一結構模矩中，否則會出現穿樑的問題。

〈四〉天井配置
天井可以直接解決黑暗帶的問題，故配置於長型街屋中間段是合理的，但還有一項需要納入考量因子，那便是配置於結構模矩較小的位置，其原因如同前述，用水空間需與垂直管道間配置於相同模矩中，而生活空間也與其依附，故較小的模矩並不適合。

〈五〉立面開口型式
過去設計室內空間與陽台的關係，會以門串聯兩者，但這均建立於陽台視為不可變動之部分時，但由於外掛式生活陽台作為使用者選配的項目，故立面開口型式設計，需要考量同時未使用的情況，矮窗與臥榻的結合，便是應對立面彈性變動的解決方法。
 
〈六〉高架地板與可拆式隔間牆
本研究欲使用於地板（無論降板與否）預留凹槽的方式，方便可動隔間牆直接安裝，無須鎖固U型鋼做為卡榫，此時需特別注意，高架地板與可拆隔間牆單元須相互對應，例如牆單元為120公分，地板單元為60公分，且凹槽需設置於高架地板連接處，受力方向才較安全且不易造成形變。

四、 建議事項

開放系統確實可順應多種使用情境，但僅呈現於平面或剖面的變動性，對於現實中，執行的可行性，還需要諸多細部的探討，尤其是在使用行為與建築技術規則相關規定層面。本研究以「天井平台與室內界面」及「外掛式生活陽台與室內界面」兩處進行設計分析。

1. Background

In addition to inheriting architectural craftsmanship, old buildings can also reflect various types derived from changes in living backgrounds, and these patterns will evolve with factors such as family size, economic conditions, or even urban planning changes. Due to the huge changes in technology and even the epidemic, the demand and definition of residential space have gradually changed. However, a large number of existing buildings often cannot meet or adapt to the current use needs. From the perspective of sustainable circulation, the construction of existing buildings used a large amount of bricks or concrete in the process. Demolition and reconstruction will not only produce lots of waste pollutants, but also the subsequent classification of pollutants is a big problem, and many old buildings are facing demolition not because of structural safety issues, but because of inconsistent use of space and pipelines aging, so should we consider whether to use partial demolition, continue to use the structure and partial floors to extend the service life and incorporate the concept of open architecture to make the use of space more flexible and meet the needs of various periods.

2. Research methods

In Taiwan, townhouses occupy a certain proportion of buildings in both urban and rural areas, and their development process contains many historical and cultural factors. Carry out spatial research through typology and extract important spatial elements and retained or even strengthened for the back alley space designed in the past, and the dark zones are resolved when the open system is introduced.

After studying the open architectural cases from Netherlands, Japan, and Taiwan, the required technologies and projects were collected, classified according to "Skeleton" and "Infill", then imported into the design method flow.

First of all, the "structural system" represents the skeleton in the open system, which is the basis for supporting a series of elastic changes, and is also the main factor affecting the life cycle of the building. The purpose of the steps is to confirm the safety of the structure, and the items include the safety reinforcement of the column-beam structure and the common wall; then is the "space system", but it is not directly involved by the open system, but through field investigation and typological analysis, the problem of the townhouse is originating from the spatial quality of the dark zone. This research will use the patio as the main means to improve the problem, and only gradually intervene in the open system on the premise that the overall space is healthy and comfortable.

After the application base is selected, a series of change diagrams of household composition are designed in conjunction with the household change research, which serves as the demand basis and results display for the flexible change of townhouses.

3. Research findings

According to the design method flow, it is found that in the process of overlapping systems, there will be restrictions or prerequisites. This must be considered at the initial stage of intervention in the open system, and it is also a condition for screening bases. They are:

<1> Degree of structural damage
If the structure of the townhouse is severely damaged and cannot be reinforced through steel plates or carbon fiber materials, and necessary to use RC reinforcement to expand the structural section. This will seriously compress the building plane, so reconstruction is not recommended.

<2> Height restriction
In order to configure the bath module and open pipeline design, it is necessary to adopt the design of partial drop boards with elevated floors and partial ceilings. Therefore, the height of the original space needs to be deducted from the raised floor (about 25 cm) and the ceiling (about 30 cm). Then the net height below is the real indoor use height.

<3> Pipe room and bath module configuration
The water space is all arranged in the lower plate space, so that the use plane of the bathroom is at the same height as the indoor floor, and the drainage pipeline must be directly connected with the vertical pipe, so the pipe space and the water space must be arranged in the same structural modulus, otherwise there will be beam penetration question.
 
<4> Patio configuration
The patio can directly solve the problem of the dark zone, so it is reasonable to place it in the middle of the townhouse, but there is another factor that needs to be taken into consideration, that is, to place it at a position with a small structural modulus. The reason is the same as mentioned above. The water space needs to be configured in the same modulus as the vertical pipes, and the living space is also attached to it, so a smaller modulus is not suitable.

<5> Facade opening type
In the past, when designing the relationship between the interior space and the balcony, doors were used to connect both, but this was based on the fact that the balcony was regarded as an invariable part. However, since the external living balcony is an optional item for users, the facade opening type design is necessary to consider the situation of not being used at the same time, the combination of low windows and couch is the solution to deal with the elastic changes of the facade.

<6> Raised floor and detachable wall
This study intends to use the method of reserving grooves on the floor (regardless of whether the floor is lowered or not) to facilitate the direct installation of the detachable wall without locking the U-shaped steel as a tenon. At this time, special attention should be paid to the raised floor and the detachable wall. Both units must correspond to each other, for example, the wall unit is 120 cm, the floor unit is 60 cm, and the groove must be set at the joint of the raised floor, so that the direction of force is safer and less likely to cause deformation.

4. Recommendations

The open system can indeed adapt to a variety of usage scenarios, but it only appears in the variability of the building plane or section. For reality, the feasibility of implementation still needs to be discussed in many details, especially at the level of regulations related to usage behavior and architectural technical rules. This study conducts design analysis on two aspects: "patio and indoor interface" and "external living balcony and indoor interface".

論文及期刊

Tani, K., Yokoyama, K. & Ohya, K. (2000). Tokyo Gas Infill System - Development of an integrated interior / facilities system. Proceedings of Continuous Customization in Housing: Conference of Open Building Implementation.

王明蘅. (1996). 類型設定：一種住宅設計方法. Journal of Housing Studies, 4, 37.

林憲德. (2002). 淺談建築生命週期評估. 成大建築簡訊, 28, 4-5.

陳信安, & 李皇良. (2019). 以開放建築理論推導國內集合住宅適應全齡化之空間尺度研究. 建築學報, 108, 21-35.

報告書

大阪瓦斯NEXT21 建設委員會裝修小委員會. (1987). NEXT21 實驗集合住宅402 住戶裝修實驗. 大阪瓦斯株式會社.

杜功仁, & 施宣光. (2014). 應用開放式建築延長既有集合 住宅壽命之案例模擬與評估. 內政部建築研究所委託研究報告.

林元興, & 梁世武. (2006). 住宅狀況調查報告. 內政部營建署所委託研究報告.

林建宏, & 魏浩揚. (2009). 開放式住宅整建系統之研究. 內政部建築研究所協同研究報告.

馬鴻文. (2021). 都市建築二次資源礦藏探勘-建立方法、模式與系統. 科技部補助專題研究計畫報告.

陳信木, 陳玉華, & 胡力中. (2020). 我國區域層級之家户推計模擬. 國家發展委員會委託研究計劃.

彭雲宏, & 杜功仁. (2000). 開放式住宅之開發案例. 內政部建築研究所研究計畫成果報告.
魏浩揚, & 杜功仁. (2006). 開放住宅立面整合系統原型足尺模型之建構. 內政部建築研究所委託研究報告.

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書籍

Herzog, T., Krippner, R., & Lang, W. (2004). Facade construction manual. 大連理工大學出版社.