背景：過去已經有許多研究證實母親懷孕期間的憂鬱或焦慮症狀與後代高活動量、煩躁不安或害怕表現有關，然而近期的研究則進一步發現母親的焦慮特質在懷孕期間會影響後代發展出高活動量、煩躁不安或害怕表現，懷孕期的壓力可能透過產後的焦慮或憂鬱間接影響後代氣質的發展。
研究目的：了解在控制了干擾變項後，母親的害怕氣質對不同的氣質發展具有直接的影響力，或是透過產前焦慮或產後憂鬱間接影響，或是直接與間接的影響力皆顯著。
方法：512名懷孕婦女於懷孕36週時填寫症狀檢核量表評估其懷孕期焦慮症狀，於產後八週填寫症狀檢核量表評估其產後憂鬱症狀，在產後四個月填寫成人氣質問卷中文版，評估母親害怕氣質，並將其四個月的後代納入研究，由母親填寫嬰兒行為量表中文版評估後代的活動量、煩躁不安及害怕氣質表現，有效追蹤資料為213份。
結果：多元迴歸分析結果顯示(1)母親害怕氣質會間接透過產後憂鬱的中介正向預測嬰兒的活動量表現；(2)母親產後憂鬱可直接正向預測嬰兒的煩躁不安表現；(3)母親害怕氣質，產前焦慮及產後憂鬱皆無法顯著預測嬰兒的害怕表現。
討論：母親害怕氣質，懷孕期間及產後的情緒狀態在不同的嬰兒氣質扮演了不同的角色，未來研究需要再進一步探討母親的害怕氣質如何透過遺傳或環境影響嬰兒的氣質發展，例如母嬰關係等。

Background: The relation between depression and anxiety symptoms during postpartum and infant difficult temperament has been well-documented in past studies. Recent studies highlight that maternal trait anxiety symptoms during pregnancy also contribute independently to infant difficult temperament. Furthermore, prenatal stress may have an indirect effect on infant difficult temperament, which may be mediated through depression/anxiety during postpartum.
Aims: To examine whether the maternal fearfulness directly and/or indirectly contributes to different dimensions of infant’s temperament through prenatal anxiety and postpartum depression symptoms after controlling for possible confounders.
Method: In an obstetrics and gynecology clinic of a public hospital in Taiwan, 512 pregnant women were recruited for study at four time points (36th week of pregnancy, 1st day, 8th week and 4th month in postpartum). The Symptom Checklist-90 revised was administered during pregnancy at 36 weeks of gestation and at 8 weeks postpartum. The EAS Temperament Survey for Adults and Infant Behavior Questionnaire was completed by 213 mothers (mean age = 29.1 years) at 4 months postpartum.
Results: Hierarchical regression analyses showed that (1) maternal fearfulness was associated with infant activity level and was mediated through postpartum depression; (2) postpartum depression made an independent contribution to the distress to limitations scale; and that (3) Maternal fearfulness, prenatal anxiety and postpartum depression could not significantly predict infant distress to novelty.
Discussion/Conclusion: Maternal fearfulness and depressive symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum appear to contribute to infant temperament differentially.

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