蘇聯的解體帶來美國單極世界，在此體系之下全球化旺盛，促進經濟、人、物質以及資訊等的交流。與此同時，全球化也帶來一些實際的人類威脅。為了對應這些當代國際環境，透過國際制度的國家間合作再度開始受矚目，同時學術界也重新開始積極探討國際制度規範對於國家行為上的影響，如國家為何遵循制度規範？規範如何影響決策？對此議題，部份學者從國際社會化的觀點出發，說明國家遵循國際規範的理由。那麼，究竟是誰在何種狀態之下，透過何種機制達成國際社會化？推動國際社會化的動機為何？其理論限制如何？對於國際社會化之途徑，學者間存有不同的看法。本文將上述六種國際社會化途徑合併在一起，互補各個途徑缺乏的地方，進行綜合性的國際社會化分析。
其次，目前關注國家間遵循國際規範的程度差異之研究仍偏少。一個國際規範對國家的影響，為何有所不同？阻礙國際社會化的因素是什麼？在何種條件之下，國際社會化才能夠順利達成？對此，部份學者主張，國內結構、規範相適性及危機等國內因素將會影響到國際社會化之過程，造成國家間遵循制度規範之程度差異出現。因此本文亦探討在國際社會化過程中，國內結構、規範相適性，以及危機等三種國內因素帶來何種作用。
就國際規範之基本範圍及個案研究而言，本文將國際人權規範作為基本範圍，並將菲律賓共和國當作研究對象，進行個案研究。經由假設驗證，本文發現推動國際社會化的兩種驅動力（同儕壓力及美國霸權），雖然均有足夠的能力去推動國際社會化，但似乎無法促使國家政府完成其過程。其原因則是三種國內結構因素。本文透過過程追溯分析，發現三種國內因素確實影響到國際社會化之過程，亦即在規範相適性沒有達到高程度的狀態之下，國內結構及危機因素可能會阻礙國際社會化，甚至引起倒退的現象，導致國家間遵循國際規範的程度差異出現。

The Collapse of the Soviet Union has brought the U.S. unipolar world that accelerated the globalization promoting open economy and interchanges of human, material resources, and information. The globalization, however, has also brought some new kinds of threats. To take measure to meet the contemporary international environments, the international cooperation through the international institutions has become a major subject of studies within scholars again. Why do states follow norms of international institutions? How do norms influence the decision making process of policy makers? To answer these reasons of states behavior, some scholars take a step from international socialization approach.
There are several kinds of socialization approach, however, each approach has its weak points. Moreover, at present, there are few reseaches focusing deffrences in levels of compliance with norms of international institutions between states. To this, some scholars claim that three kinds of domestic factors (domestic structure, normative fit, and crisis) may influence the process of international socialization. Therefore, this article not only analyzes a process of international socialization by combining six kinds of approaches into a comprehensive one, but also tries to analyze how the three domestic factors influence the process of international socialization by examining the process of which the Philippines internalize the norms of international human rights into domestic norms.
Through the process tracing analysis, this article finds that although two kinds of driving forces (peer pressure and U.S. hegemony) have enough capability to promote the international socialization, there is limit of ability to accomplish its process, because three domestic factors may turn into blocking factors under specific conditions. Moreover, these three domestic factors may also cause a backlash phenomenon, and lower the level of state compliance with norms of international human rights.

一、中文部份
（一）專書
Bronwyn T. Williams and Mary Brydon-Miller 著；襲明 譯：《社會科學論文寫作完全指導手冊》（Concept to Completion: Writing Well in the Social Sciences），（台北：湯姆生出版，2007年）。
David P. Forsythe. 著；高德源 譯：《人權與國際關係》（Human Rights in International Relations），（台北：弘智文化出版，初版，2002年）。
Jack Donnelly 著；國立編譯館 主譯；江素慧 譯：《普世人權：理論與實踐》（Universal Human Rights in Theory and Practice），（台北：國立編譯館出版；高雄市：麗文文化經銷，初版，2007年）。
Thomas Buergenthal, Dinah Shelton and David P. Stewart 著；楊雅婷、陳文暉 譯：《國際人權概觀》（International Human Rights in a Nutshell），（台北：韋伯文化國際，2007年）。
Todd Landman 著；周志杰 譯：《最新比較政治的議題與途徑》（Human Rights in International Relations），（台北：弘智文化出版，初版，2002年）。
陳鴻瑜：《菲律賓史：東西文明交會的島國》，（臺北市：三民，初版，2003年6月）。
陳鴻瑜：《菲律賓史：東西文明交會的島國》，（臺北市：三民，二版，2011年6月）。
倪世雄：《當代國際關係理論》，（台北：五南，第二版，2010年6月）。
亞歷山大・溫特 箸；秦亞青 譯：《國際政治的社會理論》，（上海：上海人民初版發行：新華經銷，第1版，2008年）。
葉至誠、葉立誠：《研究方法與論文寫作》，（台北：商鼎文化，2000年）。
（二）期刊
劉青雲：＜菲律賓南部摩洛分離運動之形成與發展＞，《亞太研究論壇》，第25期（2004年9月），頁121-133。
楊毅：＜國際制度與和諧世界的建構＞，《建構和諧社會 INNOVATION》，第15卷（2007年10月），頁62-66。
秦亞青：＜國際政治的社會建構─溫特及其建構主義國際政治理論＞，《美歐季刊》，第15卷第2期（2001年夏季號），頁231-264。
陳欣之：＜國際安全研究之理論變遷與挑戰＞，《遠景基金會期刊》，第4卷3期（2003年7月），頁1-38。
潘亞玲：＜國際規範的生命週期與安全化理論──以艾滋病被安全化為國際威脅為例＞，《歐洲研究》，第4期（2007年），頁68-83。
許文英：＜國際人權力量對香港直接普選權力之建構分析＞，《中國大陸研究》，第51卷2期（2008年6月），頁27-64。
（三）博碩士論文
杜娟：《國際規範的傳播：社會化和本土化》，上海交通大學博士學位論文，2008年。
王啟明：《國際社會化理論的建構──以歐洲聯盟東擴為例》，國立政治大學政治學系博士論文，2005年。
（四）網路資料
1948年8月12日關於戰時保護平民之日內瓦公約：＜第一步總則：第三條＞，1948年8月12日。網址：http://www.un.org/chinese/documents/decl-con/geneva_civilians_part1.htm （瀏覽日期：2013年10月23日）。
李曉崗：＜美國人權報告是如何出籠的＞，《人民網》，2001年3月8日。網址：http://www.people.com.cn/BIG5/guoji/24/20010308/411829.html （瀏覽日期：2013年10月18日）。
劉波：＜國際人權規範的社會化動力分析①＞，《人權雜誌》，第5期（2011年）。網址：http://big5.showchina.org:81/gate/big5/www.humanrights.cn/cn/zt/qita/rqzz/2011/5/t20111122_818231.htm （瀏覽日期：2013年4月1日）。
國際特赦組織：＜2012年度報告：菲律賓＞。網址：http://zh.amnesty.org/zh-hant/%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A/2012%E5%B9%B4%E5%BA%A6%E5%A0%B1%E5%91%8A/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%8F%B2%E5%BE%8B%E8%B3%93-philipines#section-23-5 （瀏覽日期：2013年9月1日）。
新愛國陣線（Bayan: New Patriotic Alliance） 編；施逸翔 譯：＜論謀殺積極行動者入門書＞，《苦勞網》，2006年6月22日。網址：http://www.coolloud.org.tw/node/64037 （瀏覽日起：2013年10月30日）。
暨佩娟、張彗中：＜菲律賓政府“和平攻勢”取得新進展＞，《人民網》，2011年2月24日。網址：http://world.people.com.cn/BIG5/57507/13992330.html （瀏覽日期：2013年10月3日）。
陳威任：＜南島一家 台原民抗議菲政治暗殺＞，《台灣立報》，2007年12月11日。網址：http://www.lihpao.com/?action-viewnews-itemid-7039 （瀏覽日期：2013年10月30日）。
中華民國外交部：＜國家與地區：菲律賓共和國──國家相關資訊＞。網址：http://www.mofa.gov.tw/Official/Regions/CountryInfo/653f13f4-d424-4260-99fc-f1bdd8d1e85e （瀏覽日期：2013年9月1日）。
中央通訊社：＜菲總統簽法 反強制失蹤＞，2012年12月23日。網址：http://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E8%8F%B2%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E7%B0%BD%E6%B3%95-%E5%8F%8D%E5%BC%B7%E5%88%B6%E5%A4%B1%E8%B9%A4-123222201.html （瀏覽日期：2013年10月23日）。
Human Rights Watch：＜菲律賓：法外處決事件持續不斷，有罪不罰現象仍然盛行＞，2011年7月18日。網址：http://www.hrw.org/zh-hans/news/2011/07/18-0 （瀏覽日期：2013年10月1日）。
二、英文部份
（一）專書
1983 International Conference on Peace and Removal of Foreign Bases, “Selection 9.5: Declaration,” pp. 301-305 in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987).
Admiral Robert L. J. Long, “Selection 8.5: Philippine Military Bases and the Middle East” pp. 243-247 in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987).
Agrava Commission, “Selection 9.1: Majority Report,” pp. 280-284 in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987).
Albert F. Celoza, Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: the Political Economy of Authoritarianism (Singapore: Toppan Company, 1998).
Amando Doronila, “The Media,” in R. J. May and Francisco Nemenzo eds., The Philippines after Marcos (London: Croom Helm, 1985), pp. 200-204.
American Chamber of Commerce of the Philippines, “Selection 8.2: Telegram to President Marcos,” pp. 229-230 in in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987).
Amnesty International, Report of an Amnesty International Mission to the Republic of the Philippines, 22 November- 5 December 1975 (London: Amnesty International Publications, 1976).
Amnesty International, Report of an Amnesty International Mission to the Republic of the Philippines, 11-28 November 1981 (London: Amnesty International Publications, 1982).
Amy Blitz, The Contested State: American Foreign Policy and Regime Change in the Philippines (Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000).
Andreas Hasenclever, Peter Mayer, and Volker Rittberger, Theories of International Regimes (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
Anja Jetschke, “Linking the Unlinkable? International Norms and Nationalism in Indonesia and the Philippines,” pp. 134-171 in Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp, and Kathryn Sikkink eds., The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
Ann Kent, Beyond Compliance: China, International Organization, and Global Security (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2007).
Campaign against Military Intervention in the Philippines, “Selection 8.10: Activities in the U.S.,” pp. 267-271 in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987).
Christian Reus-Smit, “Introduction,” pp. 1-13, in Christian Reus-Smit ed., The Politics of International Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
Civil Liberties Union of the Philippines, “Selection 7. 13: Tuloy ang Ligaya (on with the Circus),” pp. 218-221 in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987).
Claro M. Recto, “Selection 6.8: Against U.S. Military Bases” pp. 152-154 in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987).
Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987).
David Armstrong, Revolution and World Order: the Revolutionary State in International Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993).
Guillermo O’Donnell and Philippe C Schmitter, Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies (Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986).
Helen A. Cull, and David W. Allen, Human Rights Advocacy in the Philippines: Reported by Helen A. Cull, David W. Allen on a Mission to the Philippines, August 1985 (Australia: Australian Section of the International Commission of Jurists, 1987).
Ian Neary, Human Rights in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan (London; New York: Routledge, 2002).
International Commission of Jurists, The Failed Promise: Human Rights in the Philippines since the Revolution of 1986 (Geneva, Switzerland: International Commission of Jurists, 1991).
International Labour Office, “Selection 6.2: Inequality in Development,” pp. 131-135 in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987).
Jan Willem Bakker, The Philippine Justice System: the Independence and Impartiality of the Judiciary and Human Rights form 1986 till 1997 (Leiden, the Netherlands: Leiden University, 1997).
Jeffrey T. Checkel, “International Institutions and Socialization in Europe: Introduction and Framework,” pp. 3-27, in Jeffrey T. Checkel ed., International Institutions and Socialization in Europe (Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007).
Jennifer Morrison Taw, Thailand and Philippines: Case Studies in U.S. IMET Training and Its Role in Internal Defense and Development (Santa Monica: RAND, 1994).
Jim Morrell, “Selection 8.8: Aid to the Philippines: Who Benefits?” pp. 253-260 in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987).
Karin Aguilar-San Juan, “Selection 9.3: Growth of the Labor Movement,” pp. 289-292 in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987), pp. 289-292.
Kathy McAfee, “Selection 9.4: Hunger in the Countryside,” pp. 292-301 in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987).
Kenneth N. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (Long Grove, Illinois: Waveland Press, 2010).
Lorenzo M. Tanada, “Selection 6.9: the Folklore of Colonialism” pp. 154-157 in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987).
Marites Danguilan-Vitug, “Selection 9.8: the Military Reform Movement,” in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987), pp. 312-314.
National Security Study Directive, “Selection 9.11: U.S. Policy toward Marcos” pp. 321-326 in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987).
Nayan Chanda, “Selection 9.14: the Special National Intelligence Estimate” pp. 330-331 in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987).
Philip J. Eldridge, The Politics of Human Rights in Southeast Asia (London; New York: Routledge, 2002).
Philippine Government, “Selection 8.1: New York Times Advertisement” pp. 227-229 in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987).
President Ronald Reagan, “Selection 10.4: Statement on the Philippine Elections,” pp. 348-349 in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987).
Richard J. Kessler, Rebellion and Repression in the Philippines (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989).
Robert L. Youngblood, Marcos against the Church: Economic Development and Political Repression in the Philippines (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1990).
Robert O. Keohane, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy (Princeton, N.J.; Oxford: Princeton University Press, 2005).
Ronald L. Jepperson, Alexander Wendt, and Peter J. Katzenstein, “Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security,” pp. 33-75 in Peter J. Katzenstein ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).
Senator John Kerry, “Selection 9.13: the Difficulties of Military Reform” pp. 327-329 in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987).
Sr. Mariani C. Dimaranan, CFIC, “Selection 9.10: Increasing Terror,” pp. 318- 321 in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987)
Staff Report for the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee, “Selection 7.1: Martial Law,” pp. 165-169 in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987).
Stephen C. Ropp and Kathryn Sikkink, “International Norms and Domestic Politics in Chile and Guatemala,” pp. 174- 175, in Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp, and Kathryn Sikkink eds, The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
Steve Psinakis, “Selection 8.11: Reagan’s Advise” pp. 271-272 in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987).
Thomas Risse-Kappen, “Bringing Transnational Relations Back in: Introduction,” pp. 3-33 in Thomas Risse-Kappen ed., Bringing Transnational Relations Back in: Non-State Actors, Domestic Structures and International Institutions (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).
Thomas Risse and Kathryn Sikkink, “The Socialization of International Human Rights Norms into Domestic Practices: Introduction,” pp. 1-38, in Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp, and Kathryn Sikkink eds., The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
Thomas Risse and Stephen C. Ropp, “International Human Rights Norms and Domestic Change: Conclusions,” pp. 234-278, in Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp, and Kathryn Sikkink eds, The Power of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
U.S. Senate Intelligence Committee, “Selection 9.9: the Growth of the New People’s Army,” pp. 315-318 in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987).
Virginia Leary, A.A. Ellis, and Kurt Madlener, The Philippines: Human Rights After Martial Law (Geneva: International Commission of Jurists, 1984).
Walden Bello and Severina Rivera, “Selection 8.7: the Logistics of Repression” pp. 249-253 in Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds., the Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, c1987).
William C. Wohlforth, “Realism and Foreign Policy,” pp. 32-33 in Steve Smith, Amelia Hadfield, and Tim Dunne eds., Foreign Policy: Theories, Actors, Cases (Oxford, England; New York: Oxford University Press, 2008).
William J. Butler, John P. Humphrey, and G. E. Bisson, The Decline of Democracy in the Philippines: a Report of Missions by William J. Butler, John P. Humphrey, G. E. Bisson (Geneva: International Commission of Jurists, 1977).
（二）期刊
Alexander Wendt, “Collective Identity Formation and the International State,” American Political Science Review, Vol.88, No.2 (June/ 1994), pp. 394-398.
Anne Lanfer, “Extrajudicial Killings— a Human Rights Crisis,” Observer: a Journal on Threatened Human Rights Defenders in the Philippines, Vol.2, No.2 (December/ 2010), pp. 4-6.
Arild Underdal, “Explaining Compliance and Defection: Three Models,” European Journal of International Relations, Vol.4, No.1 (March/ 1998), pp. 5-30.
Barry Buzan, “Security Architecture in Asia: the Interplay of Regional and Global Levels,” The Pacific Review, Vol.16, No.2 (2003), pp. 143-173.
Belinda A. Aquino, “Political Violence in the Philippines: Aftermath of the Aquino Assassination,” Southeast Asian Affairs (1984), pp. 266-276.
Beth Simmons, “Treaty Compliance and Violation” The Annual Review of Political Science, Vol.13 (2010), pp. 273-296.
Daniel B. Schirmer & Stephen Rosskamm Shalom eds, The Philippines Reader: a History of Colonialism, Neocolonialism, Dictatorship, and Resistance (Boston, Mass.: South End Press, 1987).
Edwin J. Feulner, “Can U.S.-Philippine Relations Improve after Aquino Departs?” Asian Backgrounder, No. 122 (May 1, 1992), pp. 1-12.
Emilie M. Hafner-Burton, “International Regimes for Human Rights,” Annual Review of Political Science, Vol.15 (January/ 2012), pp. 265-286.
Frank Schimmelfennig, “International Socialization in the New Europe: Rational Action in an Institutional Environment,” European Journal of International Relations, Vol.6, No.1 (2000), pp. 109-139.
G. John Ikenberry and Charles A. Kupchan, “Socialization and Hegemonic Power,” International Organization, Vol.44, No.3 (Summer/ 1990), pp. 283-315.
International Crisis Group, “The Communist Insurgency in the Philippines: Tactics and Talks,” Asia Report, No.202 (February/ 2011).
Jeffrey T. Checkel, “Why Comply? Social Learning and European Identity Change,” International Organization, Vol.55, No.3 (Summer/ 2001), pp. 553-588.
Jeffrey W. Legro, “Which Norms Matter? Revisiting the “failure” of Internationalism,” International Organization, Vol.51, No.1 (Winter/ 1997), pp. 31-63.
Jose P. Magno, Jr. and A. James Gregor, “Insurgency and Counterinsurgency in the Philippines,” Asian Survey, Vol.26, No.5 (1986), p. 501-517.
John J. Mearsheimer, “The False Promise of International Institutions,” International Security, Vol.19, No.3 (Winter/ 1994-1995), pp. 5-49.
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United Nations, General Assembly. 2007. Implementation of General Assembly Resolution 60/251 of 15 March 2006 Entitled “Human Rights Council”: Preliminary note on the visit of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions, Philip Alston, to the Philippines (12-21 February 2007). March 22, 2007 (A/HRC/4/20/Add.3). Web: http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G07/120/95/PDF/G0712095.pdf?OpenElement (viewed on October 17).
United Nations, General Assembly. 2008. Promotion and Protection of All Human Rights, Civil, Political Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Including the Right to Development: Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, Philip Alston, Addendum, Mission to Philippines. April 16, 2008 (A/HRC/8/3/Add.2). Web: http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G08/130/01/PDF/G0813001.pdf?OpenElement (viewed on October 17, 2013).
United Nations, General Assembly. 2009. Promotion and Protection of All Human Rights, Civil, Political Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Including the Right to Development: Report of the Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions, Philip Alston, Addendum, Follow-up to country recommendations – Philippines. April 29, 2009 (A/HRC/11/2/Add.8). Web: http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/G09/130/39/PDF/G0913039.pdf?OpenElement (viewed on October 17, 2013).
United States Department, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices— 2010: the Philippines,” April 8, 2011. Web: http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/eap/154399.htm (viewed on October 1, 2013).
United States Department of the Army, “Field Manual 100-20: Military Operations in Low Intensify Conflict,” December 5, 1990. Website: http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/100-20/10020ch1.htm#s_9 (viewed on October 29, 2013).
U.S. State Department, “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Philippines,” March 6, 2007. Website: http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78788.htm (viewed on October 31, 2013).
三、日文部份
（一）專書
萩原宜之 編；山田辰雄，渡辺利夫 監修：《民主化と経済発展（民主化與經濟發展）》，（東京：東京大學出版會，1994年）。
（二）期刊
五十嵐誠一：＜フィリピンの政治を知ろう！フィリピンの政治のシステムと市民社会の役割（瞭解菲律賓的政治！菲律賓政治系統與公民社會的角色）＞，《フィリピン支援に関わるNGO役員・職員の研修プログラム》，第3回（2009年12月26日），頁11-12。
上田秀明：＜「人間の安全保障」の発展＞，《産大法学》（京都産業大学），第44卷第2號（2010年9月）。
内田智大：＜アジア諸国における権威主義開発体制と人権問題 (Developmental Dictatorships and Human Rights Issues in Asia)＞，《関西外国語大学人権教育思想研究》（関西外国語大学），12號（2009年3月），頁2-21。
大内哲也：＜国際的人権保障体制とアジアの地域的人権保障（國際人權保障體制與亞洲地域的人權保障）＞，《Creation of New Contemporary Asian Studies Working Paper》（早稲田大学），第38卷（2007年1月），頁1-17。
勝間靖：＜ASEAN人権委員会—国際人権レジームにおける意義—（ASEAN人權委員會—國際人權建制之意義）＞，《アジア太平洋討究》，第15卷（2010年10月），頁165-176。
黒柳米司：＜「人権外交」対「エイジアン・ウェイ」─軟着陸を求めて(人権外交対亞洲途徑─追求軟著陸之路)＞，《国際問題》，第422號（1995年），頁31-45。
鈴木基史：＜国際協調と国際レジーム (International Cooperation and International Regimes) ＞，《総合政策研究》（関西学院大学），第5卷（1998年7月），頁59-86。
田巻松雄：＜フィリピン政治における軍部の役割と二月政変（菲律賓政治上的軍部角色及二月政變）＞，《アジア研究》，第35卷1號（1987年），頁45-83。
林和彦：＜開発体制と労働法（開發體制與勞動法）＞，《日本勞動研究雜誌》（日本勞動研究機構），第469號（1999年8月），頁2-13。
藤原帰一：＜ASEAN諸国の政党政治 第三章：フィリピンの政党政治──政党の消えた議会（ASEAN諸國之政黨政治 第三章：菲律賓的政黨政治—失去政黨的議會）＞，《研究双書》（アジア経済研究所），第462號（1993年），頁91-116。
矢野秀徳：＜伝統的エリート民主主義の「復権なき復活」 （1）—戦後フィリピン政治体制変動に関する─試論─（Revival without Legitimacy—Traditional Elitist Democracy in the Philippines, 1946-1986—）＞，《北大法学論集》（北海道大学），第54卷第1號（2003年4月），頁336-279。
矢野秀徳：＜伝統的エリート民主主義の「復権なき復活」 （3）—戦後フィリピン政治体制変動に関する─試論─（Revival without Legitimacy—Traditional Elitist Democracy in the Philippines, 1946-1986—）＞，《北大法学論集》（北海道大学），第54卷第4號（2003年），頁1530-1480。
矢野秀徳：＜伝統的エリート民主主義の「復権なき復活」 （4）—戦後フィリピン政治体制変動に関する─試論─（Revival without Legitimacy—Traditional Elitist Democracy in the Philippines, 1946-1986—）＞，《北大法学論集》（北海道大学），第54卷第5號（2003年），頁1880-1825。
矢野秀徳：＜伝統的エリート民主主義の「復権なき復活」 （5）—戦後フィリピン政治体制変動に関する─試論─（Revival without Legitimacy—Traditional Elitist Democracy in the Philippines, 1946-1986—）＞，《北大法学論集》（北海道大学），第55卷第1號（2004年5月），頁392-339。
（三）網路資料
JICA国際協力総合研究所：《「地方行政と地方分権」報告書》，2001年3月。網址：http://jica-ri.jica.go.jp/IFIC_and_JBICI-Studies/jica-ri/publication/archives/jica/field/2001_08.html （瀏覽日起：2013年10月23日）。
人権理事会：＜イラク戦争及び占領下における重大な人権侵害について（關於在伊拉克戰爭及其後的統治下所犯的人權侵害）＞，《第22回通常会合》，2013年2月25日—3月22日。網址：http://hrn.or.jp/activity/area/cat32/hrn-20/ （瀏覽日期：2013年10月23日）。
日本外務省：＜フィリピン共和国基礎データ（菲律賓共和國基本資訊）＞。網址：http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/area/philippines/data.html （瀏覽日期：2013年9月1日）。
ヒューライツ大阪（Hurights Osaka）：＜ASEAN域内における地域的人権保障メカニズム設立へと一歩前進（ASEAN區域對於保護人權機制的設立之進步）＞，《News in Belief》，2005年12月。網址：http://www.hurights.or.jp/news/0512/b09.html （瀏覽日期：2013年5月10日）。
ヒューマンライツ・ナウ（Human Rights Now）：＜フィリピンにおける超法規的殺害・強制失踪の真相究明と正義の実現を（Claiming for Justice for the Victims of Extra-judicial Killings and Enforced Disappearances in the Philippines）＞，《活動報告》，2007年12月。網址：http://hrn.or.jp/activity/product/statement/20071210/ （瀏覽日期：2013年8月15日）。
ヒューマンライツ・ナウ（Human Rights Now）：＜フィリピン──人権の守り手達が殺されている：超法規的殺害・強制失踪に対する事実調査報告と日比両政府への提言（Report on Extrajudicial Killings and Enforced Disappearances in the Philippines: Fact Finding Missions of Human Rights Now to Philippines）＞，2007年4月。網址：http://hrn.or.jp/activity/product/report/post-7/ （瀏覽日起：2013年10月23日）。
山田満：＜遅々として進まない東南アジアの民主化（緩慢又不進的東南亞民主化）＞，《オピニオン》（教育×WASEDA ONLINE），（2010年7月5日）。網址：http://www.yomiuri.co.jp/adv/wol/opinion/international_100705.htm （瀏覽日期：2013年9月15日）