近年來，大部分的網路業者都採用乙太被動式光纖網路架構來做為解決接取網路與都會網路間，因為傳輸速率不對等而產生的”最後一哩”問題。然而，由於網路使用者的大幅增加，與多元化的網路多媒體服務的普及化，使網路業者面臨高頻寬需求的問題。此外使用者使用網路的習慣日漸改變，造就點對點的網內傳輸行為的興起。然而，傳統的樹狀乙太被動式網路架構並不直接支援點對點的網內傳輸，亦無法對涉及隱私或具有即時性需求的點對點傳輸資料，提供相對應的保障與品質服務。而近年來已有多篇研究論文指出，使用正交分頻多重接取技術可以達到更有效率的頻寬使用。因此，本碩士論文基於正交分頻多重接取技術所具有的優勢以及上述的議題討論，提出一個創新的網路架構，稱為混合式乙太被動式光纖網路。此混合式網路架構，利用光元件陣列波導光柵達到網內傳輸，並且利用環狀拓樸的優點達到了私有資料傳輸的目的。再者，為了達到保證服務品質的目的，亦在此混合式網路架上提出一個混合式服務品質演算法，藉由中央和分散控制的合作搭配，滿足即時性資料的服務品質需求，與達到頻寬的高使用率。最後模擬結果亦證實本論文所提出的混合式網路架構與頻寬分配演算法不但具有支援網內與私有資料傳輸的能力，亦能提供良好服務品質保證。

Although Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPONs) have been regarded as a promising solution for overcoming the bandwidth bottleneck problem in local area networks, they may not be able to meet the ever-growing bandwidth demand from end users and the emerging triple-play services in the near future. Additionally, Peer-to-Peer (P2P) communications are more general among the end users. However traditional EPON architecture could not support directly P2P communication and provide privacy for some private data. Many studies proposed recently show that Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) technologies can achieve better network utilization and provide Qualtiy of Service (QoS). As a result, this study presents a novel OFDMA-based hybrid EPON architecture to meet the rapidly increasing bandwidth demand and various transmissions. The use of an Arrayed-Waveguide-Grating (AWG) optical device and ring topology enable the proposed EPON architecture to provide inter and private communications simultaneously. Additionally, in order to provide truly differentiated Quality of Services (QoS) in the proposed EPON system, a hybrid Centralized and Decentralized Dynamic Bandwidth Allocation (CED-DBA) scheme is proposed to satisfy the QoS requirements of triple-play services. The simulation results demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed DBA approach.

[1] George T. Hawley, “Systems considerations for the use of xDSL technology for data access,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.35, No.3, pp.56-60, Mar. 1997.
[2] Vijay K. Bhagavath, “Emerging high-speed xDSL access services : architectures, issues, insights, and implications,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.37, No.11, pp.106-114, Nov. 1999.
[3] Andrew Paff, “Hybrid fiber/coax in the public telecommunications infrastructure,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.33, No.4, pp.40-45, Apr. 1995.
[4] Chatschik Bisdikian, Kiyoshi Maruyama, David l. Seidman, and Dimitrios N. Serpanos, “Cable access beyond the hype : on residential broadband data services over HFC networks,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.34, No.11, pp.128-135, Nov. 1996.
[5] John W. Eng, and James F. Mollenauer, “IEEE Project 802.14 : standards for digital convergence,” IEEE Communications Magazine, Vol.33, No.5, pp.20-23, May 1995.
[6] Chang-Hee Lee, Wayne V. Sorin, and Byoung Yoon Kim, “Fiber to the Home Using a PON Infrastructure,” IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol.24, No.12, pp.4568-4583, Dec. 2006.
[7] Gerry Pesavento, and Glen Kramer, “Enabling Next Generation Ethernet Access with Ethernet Passive Optical Networks,” Proceedings of NFOEC, pp.491-499, Orlando, Sep. 2003.
[8] Alloptic, “Ethernet Passive Optical Networks,” The International Engineering Consortium, http://www.iec.org.
[9] Jun Zheng, and Hussein T. Mouftah, “Media Access Control for Ethernet Passive Optical Networks : An Overview,” IEEE Communication Magazine, Vol.43, No.2, pp.145-150, Feb. 2005.
[10] Glen Kramer and Gerry Pesavento, “Ethernet Passive Optical Netork (EPON) : Building a Next-Generation Optical Access Network,” IEEE Communication Magazine, Vol.40, pp.66-73, Feb. 2002.
[11] Michael P. McGarry and Martin Reisslein, “WDM Ethernet Passive Optical Networks” IEEE Optical Communications, Vol.44 , pp.15-22, Feb. 2006.
[12] Gee-Kung Chang, Chowdhury, A., Zhensheng Jia, Hung-Chang Chien, Ming-Fang Huang, Jianjun Yu, Ellinas, G, “Key Technologies of WDM-PON for Future Converged Optical Broadband Access Networks,” IEEE/OSA, Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, Vol.1, pp35-50, Sep. 2009.
[13] Jun-ichi Kani, “Enabling Technologies for Future Scalable and Flexible WDM-PON and WDM/TDM-PON Systems,” IEEE, Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Electronics, Vol.16, No.5, pp.1290-1297, Oct. 2010.
[14] Ioannis Tomkos, “Introduction to the Focus Issue on Next-Generation WDM-PON-Based Optical Access Networks,” IEEE/OSA, Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, Vol.1, No.4, pp.1-2, Sep. 2009.
[15] Neda Cvijetic, Milorad Cvijetic, Ming-Fang Huang, Yue-Kai Huang, and Ting Wang “Terabit Optical Access Networks Based on WDM-OFDMA-PON,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol.30, N0.4, pp.493-503, Feb. 2012.
[16] Ahmad R. Dhaini, Chadi M. Assi, Martin Maier, Abdallah Shami, “Dynamic Wavelength and Bandwidth Allocation in Hybrid TDM/WDM EPON Networks,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol.25, No.1, pp.277-286, Jan. 2007.
[17] Jingjing Zhang, “On the Capacity of WDM Passive Optical Networks,” IEEE Transactions on, Vol.59, No.2, pp.552-559, Feb. 2011.
[18] Katsumi Iwatsuki, Jun-ichi Kani, Hiro Suzuki, and Masamichi Fujiwara, “Access and metro networks based on WDM technologies,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol.22, No.11, pp.2623-2630, Nov. 2004.
[19] Neda Cvijetic, and Dayou Qian, “OFDM for Next-Generation Optical Access
Networks,” Lightwave Technology, Journal of, Vol.30, No.4, pp384-398, Feb. 2012.
[20] A. Shami and C. Assi, “Supporting Private Networking Capability in EPON,” IEEE International Conference on, Vol. 6, pp. 2655-2660, Jun. 2006.
[21] Martin Maier, Martin Herzog, and Martin Reisslein, “Topics in Optical Communications : STARGATE: the next evolutionary step toward unleashing the potential of WDM EPONS,” IEEE Communication Magazine, Vol.45, No.5, pp.50-56, May .2007.
[22] Martin Maier, and Martin Herzog, “Online Gaming and P2P File Sharing in Next-Generation EPONs,” IEEE Communication Magazine, Vol.48, No.2, pp.48-55, Feb. 2010.
[23] Chien Aun Chan, Manik Attygalle, and Ampalavanapillai Nirmalathas, “Remote Repeater-Based EPON With MAC Forwarding for Long Reach and High-Split-Ratio Passive Optical Networks,” Journal of Optical Communication Network, Vol.2, No.1, pp.28-27, Jan. 2010.
[24] Hui-Tang Lin, Zhong-Huan Ho, Hung-Chen Cheng, and Wang-Rong Chang, “SPON: A Slotted Long-Reach PON Architecture for Supporting Internetworking Capability,” IEEE MILCOM, pp.1-8, Oct. 2009.
[25] Chang-Joon Chae, Seung-Tak Lee, Geun-Young Kim, and Heesang Park, “A PON system suitable for internetworking optical network units using a fiber Bragg grating on the feeder fiber,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol.11, No.12, pp. 1686-1688, Dec. 1999.
[26] Elaine Wong, and Chang-Joon Chae, “CSMA/CD-based EPON with optical internetworking capability among users,” IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol.16, No.9, pp.2195-2197, Sep. 2004.
[27] Qiguang Zhao, and Chun-Kit Chan, “A Wavelength-Division-Multiplexed Passive Optical Network With Flexible Optical Network Unit Internetworking Capability,” IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 25, No.8, pp.1970-1977, Aug. 2007.
[28] Hui-Tang Lin, Wang-Rong Chang, and Chai-Lin Lai, “Supporting Private Networking with Wavelength Spatial-Reuse over WDM EPONs,” IEEE GLOBECOM, pp.1-6, 2008.
[29] Erkan, H., “A Novel Ring-Based WDM-PON Access Architecture for the Efficient Utilization of Network Resources,” IEEE ICC, pp.5175-5181, May. 2008.
[30] Hui-Tang Lin, Wang-Rong Chang, and Chai-Lin Lai, “Supporting Private Networking with Wavelength Spatial-Reuse over WDM EPONs,” IEEE GLOBECOM, pp.1-6, Dec.2008.
[31] Cishuo Van, Yanzhi Wu, Tong Ye, “An OFDMA-PON Enabling Optical Interconnections amongthe Optical Network Units,” Communications and Photonics Conference and Exhibition (ACP), pp.1-2, Nov.2009.
[32] Wei Wei, Junqiang Hu, Lane Zeng, Dayou Qian, Ting Wang, “Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access(OFDMA)-based Optical Access/Metro Ring Networks,” Optical Fiber communication/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, pp.1-3, Feb. 2008.
[33] Wei Wei, Ting Wang, Dayou Qian, Junqiang Hu, “MAC Protocols for Optical Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)-based Passive Optical Networks,” Optical Fiber communication/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, pp.1-3, 2008.
[34] Dayou Qian, Junqiang Hu, Philip Nan Ji, Ting Wang, “10-Gb/s OFDMA-PON for Delivery of HeterogeneousServices,” Optical Fiber communication/National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, pp.1-3, Feb.2008.
[35] Glen Kramer, Biswanath Mukherjee, Sudhir Dixit, Yinghua Ye, and Ryan Hirth, “Supporting differentiated classes of service in Ethernet passive optical networks,” Journal of Optical Network, Vol. 1, No. 8, pp. 280–298, Sep. 2002.
[36] Chadi M. Assi, Yinghua Ye, Sudhir Dixit, and Mohamed A. Ali, “Dynamic bandwidth allocation for quality-of-service over ethernet PONs,” IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, Vol. 21, No. 9, pp.1467-1477, Nov. 2003.
[37] Maode Ma, Yongqing Zhu, and Tee Hiang Cheng, “A bandwidth guaranteed polling MAC protocol for Ethernet passive optical networks,” IEEE International Conference on Computer Communications, Vol. 1, pp. 22-31, Mar. 2003.
[38] Abdallah Shami, Xiaofeng Bai, Chadi M. Assi, and Nasir Ghani, “Jitter performance in Ethernet passive opatical networks.” Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 23, No. 4, pp. 1745-1756, Apr. 2005.
[39] Mirjana R. Radivojević and Petar S. Matavulj, “Implementation of Intra-ONU Scheduling for Quality of Service Support in Ethernet Passive Optical Networks,” Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 27, No. 18, pp. 4055-4061, Sep. 2009.
[40] Chadi Assi, Martin Maier, and Abdallah Shami, “Toward quality of service protection in ethernet passive optical networks: Challenges and solutions,” IEEE Network, Vol. 21, No. 5, pp. 12-19, Sep. 2007.
[41] Tomaz Berisa, Alen Bazant, and Vedran Mikac, “Bandwidth and delay guaranteed polling with adaptive cycle time (BDGPACT): a scheme for providing bandwidth and delay guarantees in passive optical networks,” Journal of Optical Networking, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 337-345, Apr. 2009.
[42] C. Assi, M. Maier and A. Shami, “Toward quality-of-service protection in Ethernet passive optical networks: challenges and solutions,” IEEE Network, Vol. 21, Issue 5, pp. 12-19, Sep.-Oct. 2007.
[43] Glen Kramer, Biswanath Mukherjee, and Gerry Pesavento, “IPACT : A Dynamic Protocol for an Ethernet PON (EPON),” IEEE Communication Magazine, Vol.40, pp.74-80, Feb. 2002.
[44] Wang-Rong Chang, Hui-Tang Lin, and Ho-Ting Wu, “The Fairness MAC Protocol for a Slotted Packet-Switched WDM Ring Network,” in proceedings of 13th IEEE Wireless & Optical Communication Conference (WOCC), Mar. 2004.
[45] Marco Ajmone Marsan, Andrea Bianco, Emilio Leonardi, Michela Meo, and Fabio Neri “MAC Protocols and fairness Control in WDM Multi-Rings with Tunable Transmitters and Fixed Receiver,” IEEE Journal of Lightwave Technology, Vol. 14, No.6, pp.1230-1244, Jun. 1996.
[46] J. Fransson, M. Johansson, M. Roughan, L. Andrew, and M. Summerfield, “Design of a medium access control protocol for a WDMA/TDMA photonic ring network,” Proceedings of GLOBECOM’98, Sydeny, Australia, Vol.1, pp.307-312, Nov. 1998.
[47] Andrea Fumagalli, James Cai, and Imrich Chlamtac, “A token based protocol for integrated packet and circuit switching in WDM rings,” Proceedings of GLOBECOM’98, Sydeny, Australia, Vol.4, pp. 2339-2344, Nov. 1998.
[48] Chong-gang Wang, Wei Wei, Ting Wang, “Multiple Channel Scheduling Algorithms for WDM PONs and OFDMA PON,” Optical Fiber Communication, pp22-26, Mar.2009.
[49] Marek Hajduczenia, Henrique J. A. da Silva, Paulo P. Monteiro, “Extended GATE/REPORT MPCP DUs for EPONs,” Computers and Communications, pp.554-559, June.2006.
[50] Hassan Yaghoobi, Intel Communications Group, Intel Corporation “Scalable OFDMA Physical Layer in IEEE 802.16 WirelessMAN,” Intel Technology Journal, Volume 8, Issue 3, 2004.
[51] Qian Dayou, “Experimental Demonstration of a Novel OFDM-A Based 10Gb/s PON Architecture,” Optical Communication (ECOC), pp. 1-2 , Sep. 2007.