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研究生：	楊明崙 Yang, Ming-Lun
論文名稱：	新型低能隙含拉電子側基共聚物之合成及其在太陽能電池之應用 Synthesis and characterization of new low bandgap copolymers containing electron withdrawing group as a side chain for bulk heterojunction solar cells
指導教授：	許聯崇 Hsu, Lien-Chung
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 材料科學及工程學系 Department of Materials Science and Engineering
論文出版年：	2010
畢業學年度：	98
語文別：	中文
論文頁數：	137
中文關鍵詞：	低能隙、共聚高分子、太陽能電池
外文關鍵詞：	low bandgap, copolymer, solar cells
相關次數：	點閱：98 下載：1
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本研究主要目的在於合成出具有電子予體-電子受體結構的新式低能隙共聚高分子，並將其應用在有機太陽能電池上。藉由導入拉電子基團於共軛高分子的側鏈，使得分子主鏈全部為電子予體，僅有分子側鏈為電子受體，此種分子設計除可寬化吸收光譜，使吸收波長紅位移外，更能有效使激子分離，增加載子傳輸的能力。單體Br2-Carb-NAP 分別與具有長碳側鏈的 fluorene 和 carbazole 單體共聚合，得到高分子 PF-NAP 與 PC-NAP。高分子 PF-NAP 與 PC-NAP 都具有優良的熱穩定性，其熱裂解溫度 (T5d) 分別為 431與 460 °C。由紫外光-可見光的吸收光譜可得知，在可見光範圍高分子 PF-NAP 與 PC-NAP 的最大吸收峰均在 550 nm，起始吸收波長在 690 與 710 nm，其光學能隙分別為 1.79 與 1.75 eV。在元件結構為indium tin oxide (ITO) / poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)：poly(styrene sulfonic acid) (PEDOT : PSS) / active layer / Al 時，將高分子 PF-NAP 與 PC-NAP 分別混合 6,6-Phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) 以 1 : 5 比例作為主動層，可得最佳的元件光電轉換效率為 0.231% 與 1.005%。

We have successfully synthesized two new low bandgap copolymers. One is the alternating polyfluorene copolymer (PF-NAP¬) based on dioctylfluorene and a donor-acceptor monomer with an electron-withdrawing moiety as a side chain via the Suzuki polymerization reaction. The other one is the random polycarbazole copolymer (PC-NAP) based on Br2-Carb-Benzene and a donor-acceptor monomer with an electron- withdrawing moiety as a side chain via the Yamamoto polymerization reaction. Both copolymers have excellent thermal stability. The 5% weight loss temperature (T5d) of the PF-NAP and PC-NAP are 431 and 460 °C, respectively. The resulting copolymers have low optical and electrochemical bandgaps. The optical bandgap and the electrochemical bandgap of PF-NAP are 1.79 and 1.90 eV, respectively. The optical bandgap and the electrochemical bandgap of PC-NAP are 1.75 and 1.88 eV, respectively. The bulk heterojuction polymer solar cells were fabricated with the conjugated polymers as the electron donor and 6,6-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) as the electron acceptor. The power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of the solar cells based on copolymers PF-NAP : PCBM (1:5) and PC-NAP : PCBM (1:5) are 0.231% and 1.005%, respectively, under the illumination of AM 1.5 G, 100 mW/cm2.

總目錄 
摘要......................................................I 
Abstract.................................................II 
誌謝.....................................................IV 
總目錄....................................................V 
表目錄....................................................X 
Scheme目錄...............................................XI 
圖目錄..................................................XII 
第一章 緒論................................................1 
1-1 前言..................................................1 
1-1-1 發展再生能源的必要性.................................1 
1-1-2 太陽能電池種類介紹...................................2 
1-2 研究動機與目的..........................................9 
第二章 理論基礎與文獻回顧...................................12 
2-1 有機太陽能電池之工作原理................................12 
2-2 有機太陽能電池之特性分析................................15 
2-2-1 開路電壓(Open Circuit Voltage).....................16 
2-2-2 短路電流(Short Circuit Current)....................16 
2-2-3 填充因子(Fill Factor)..............................17 
2-2-4 光電轉換效率(Power Conversion Efficiency)...........18 
2-3 太陽光的頻譜照度.......................................19 
2-4 有機與無機太陽能電池相異處...............................22 
2-4-1 能帶理論............................................22 
2-4-2 不同形態的激子......................................25 
2-5 元件結構...............................................28 
2-5-1 單層結構（Single Layer Device）...........................28 
2-5-2 雙層異質接面結構（Bilayer Heterojunction Device）....................30 
2-5-3 單層異質接面結構（Bulk Heterojunction Device）..........................32 
2-6 低能隙電子予體-電子受體結構之共聚高分子...................35 
2-6-1 低能隙共聚高分子.....................................35 
2-6-2 能階調整與最適化.....................................38 
第三章 實驗製備及分析裝置....................................40 
3-1 實驗藥品及儀器.........................................40 
3-1-1 藥品...............................................40 
3-1-2 儀器...............................................42 
3-2 有機高分子太陽能電池(Polymer solar cells)之材料製備......44 
3-2-1 單體合成............................................44 
3-2-1-1 電子予體(Donor)之合成............................44 
3-2-1-2 電子受體(Acceptor)之合成.........................47 
3-2-2 高分子共聚物合成.....................................51 
3-3 結構鑑定與分析原理......................................54 
3-4 高分子太陽能電池(Polymer solar cell)之元件製備...........62 
第四章 結果與討論...........................................70 
4-1 單體合成與結構之鑑定....................................70 
4-1-1 單體合成............................................70 
4-1-2 1H-NMR圖譜分析......................................71 
4-1-3 元素分析............................................73 
4-1-4 FT-IR分析..........................................73 
4-2 高分子合成與結構之鑑定..................................74 
4-2-1 高分子合成..........................................74 
4-2-2 1H-NMR圖譜分析......................................75 
4-2-3 元素分析............................................76 
4-2-4 FT-IR分析..........................................76 
4-2-5 高分子分子量的測定...................................77 
4-3 熱性質分析.............................................77 
4-3-1 微差掃描熱分析(DSC).................................78 
4-3-2 熱重分析(TGA).......................................78 
4-4 電化學性質分析.........................................79 
4-4-1 循環伏安(cyclic voltammetry, CV )量測分析............79 
4-4-2 能階示意圖(energy level diagram )分析...............81 
4-5 光學性質分析...........................................83 
4-5-1 單體溶液態的紫外-可見光(UV-Vis)吸收光譜分析............83 
4-5-2 高分子薄膜態的紫外-可見光(UV-Vis)吸收光譜分析..........83 
4-5-3 不同比例之高分子與PCBM的紫外-可見光(UV-Vis)吸收光譜分析....84 
4-6 高分子太陽能電池元件性質分析.............................85 
4-6-1 不同比例之高分子與PCBM主動層溶液(ITO / PEDOT:PSS / Polymer : PCBM / Al)......................86 
4-6-2 蒸鍍不同陰極(ITO / PEDOT:PSS / PC-NAP : PCBM (1:4 ,1:5) / LiF or Ca / Al)...........................88 
4-6-3 高分子PF-NAP與PC-NAP效率比較(ITO / PEDOT:PSS Polymer : PCBM (1:5) / Al).........................90 
4-7 穿透式電子顯微鏡(TEM)對主動層薄膜的型態(morphology)分析...92 
4-8 載子遷移率(mobility)量測分析............................95 
第五章 結論...............................................127 
參考文獻..................................................129 

表目錄 
表1-1 常見有機太陽能電池材料、效率與成本比較....................6 
表2-1 各種電極的功函數[35]......................................30 
表4-1 單體Br2-Carb-Benzene、Br2-Carb-NAP的元素分析結果......98 
表4-2 高分子PF-NAP、PC-NAP的元素分析結果.....................99 
表4-3 高分子PF-NAP與PC-NAP的分子量與分子量分布指數...........100 
表4-4 高分子PF-NAP與PC-NAP的Tg(°C)與T5d(°C)之結果..........101 
表4-5 高分子PF-NAP與PC-NAP的Eg(elec)、Eg(opt)之結果........102 
表4-6 高分子PF-NAP與PC-NAP的UV-vis吸收光譜分析結果..........103 
表4-7 不同比例之高分子PF-NAP與PCBM元件光伏特特性.............104 
表4-8 不同比例之高分子PC-NAP與PCBM元件光伏特特性.............104 
表4-9 不同陰極之高分子PC-NAP元件光伏特特性...................105 
表4-10 不同陰極之高分子PC-NAP元件光伏特特性..................105 
表4-11 高分子PF-NAP與PC-NAP元件光伏特特性...................106 
表4-12 高分子P3HT、PF-NAP與PC-NAP電洞載子遷移率.............107 

Scheme目錄 
Scheme 3-1 Carb-Benzene合成反應..........................44 
Scheme 3-2 Br2-Carb-Benzene合成反應......................45 
Scheme 3-3 BNI-NAP合成反應...............................47 
Scheme 3-4 Carb-NAP合成反應..............................48 
Scheme 3-5 Br2-Carb-NAP合成反應..........................49 
Scheme 3-6 PF-NAP合成反應................................51 
Scheme 3-7 PC-NAP合成反應................................53 

圖目錄 
圖1-1 常見有機太陽能電池主動層材料[5]...........................5 
圖1-2 Siemens公司研發出效率5%的可撓式有機太陽能電池[11]...........8 
圖1-3 新型電子予體-電子受體單體.............................11 
圖2-1 太陽能電池元件I-V曲線................................15 
圖2-2 地球大氣層外之太陽光譜[25](由WMO(World Meteorological Organization)量測)................................21 
圖2-3 受地球大氣層中的不同物質影響之實際太陽光譜[25]..............21 
圖2-4 空氣質量與天頂角關係[26].................................22 
圖2-5 無機半導體與金屬的界面能帶圖..........................23 
圖2-6 有機半導體簡易能帶表示圖..............................25 
圖2-7 (a) Frenkel excitons (b) Wannier excitons ..........27 
圖2-8 單層元件結構........................................29 
圖2-9 雙層異質接面元件結構.................................31 
圖2-10 單層異質接面元件結構.................................33 
圖2-11 電子予體(D)、電子受體(A)與電子予體-電子受體(D-A)能階...............36 
圖2-12 各種常見之電子予體-電子受體低能隙共聚高分子.............38 
圖2-13 共軛高分子達到低能隙方式的能階圖.......................39 
圖3-1 Ferrocene 之CV圖...................................59 
圖3-2 真空熱蒸鍍系統.......................................67 
圖3-3 有機太陽能電池元件構造圖..............................67 
圖3-4 元件製作流程圖.......................................68 
圖3-5 元件製作示意圖(由成大光電所周維掦老師實驗室設計)............................69 
圖3-6 元件照片............................................69 
圖4-1 Carb-Benzene的1H-NMR光譜分析圖.....................108 
圖4-2 Br2-Carb-Benzene的1H-NMR光譜分析圖.................108 
圖4-3 BNI-NAP的1H-NMR光譜分析圖..........................109 
圖4-4 Carb-NAP的1H-NMR光譜分析圖.........................109 
圖4-5 Br2-Carb-NAP的1H-NMR光譜分析圖.....................110 
圖4-6 Carb-Benzene與Br2-Carb-Benzene的FT-IR分析圖........111 
圖4-7 BNI-NAP、Carb-NAP與Br2-Carb-NAP的FT-IR分析圖.......111 
圖4-8 高分子PF-NAP的1H-NMR光譜分析圖......................112 
圖4-9 高分子PC-NAP的1H-NMR光譜分析圖......................112 
圖4-10 高分子PF-NAP的FT-IR分析圖...........................113 
圖4-11 高分子PC-NAP的FT-IR分析圖...........................113 
圖4-12 高分子PF-NAP與PC-NAP的DSC分析圖.....................114 
圖4-13 高分子PF-NAP與PC-NAP的TGA分析圖.....................114 
圖4-14 高分子PF-NAP的正電壓掃描CV分析圖.....................115 
圖4-15 高分子PF-NAP的負電壓掃描CV分析圖.....................115 
圖4-16 高分子PC-NAP的正電壓掃描CV分析圖.....................116 
圖4-17 高分子PC-NAP的負電壓掃描CV分析圖.....................116 
圖4-18 高分子PF-NAP與PC-NAP對PCBM的能階示意圖...............117 
圖4-19 BNI-NAP、Carb-NAP與Br2-Carb-NAP溶液態(DMAc)的紫外-可見光(UV-Vis)吸收光譜圖........................................118 
圖4-20 高分子PF-NAP與PC-NAP薄膜態的紫外-可見光(UV-Vis)吸收光譜圖.......................................................118 
圖4-21 不同比例之高分子PF-NAP與PCBM的紫外-可見光(UV-Vis)吸收光譜圖.......................................................119 
圖4-22 不同比例之高分子PC-NAP與PCBM的紫外-可見光(UV-Vis)吸收光譜圖.......................................................119 
圖4-23 不同比例之高分子PF-NAP與PCBM元件電壓-電流特性曲線......120 
圖4-24 不同比例之高分子PC-NAP與PCBM元件電壓-電流特性曲線......120 
圖4-25 不同陰極之高分子PC-NAP與PCBM (1:4)元件電壓-電流特性曲線121 
圖4-26 不同陰極之高分子PC-NAP與PCBM (1:5)元件電壓-電流特性曲線121 
圖4-27 高分子PF-NAP與PC-NAP元件電壓-電流特性曲線............122 
圖4-28 有機太陽能電池元件結構的能階示意圖....................123 
圖4-29 高分子PC-NAP穿透式電子顯微鏡(TEM)影像圖..............124 
圖4-30 PC-NAP : PCBM＝1:5穿透式電子顯微鏡(TEM)細部影像圖....124 
圖4-31 不同比例之高分子PC-NAP與PCBM的TEM影像圖..............125 
圖4-32 高分子P3HT、PF-NAP與PC-NAP電壓-電流特性曲線..........126 

                                    

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