鋰離子電容(lithium ion capacitors; LICs)為結合電雙層電容(electric double layer capacitors; EDLCs)與鋰離子電池(lithium ion batteries; LIBs)優點的儲能裝置，其正極是具高比表面積的活性碳，負極是鋰化材料。LICs有較EDLCs高的能量密度，但功率密度較低，其充放電速率取決於鋰離子嵌入/嵌出負極材料的能力。本研究探討三種負極碳材(石墨、硬碳、與軟碳)，經預鋰化後在LICs中的電化學表現。研究結果顯示軟碳具有最佳的表現，因軟碳的部分石墨化結構與較大的石墨烯層間距使其同時具有石墨的導電性與硬碳的鋰離子快速嵌入的能力。預鋰化軟碳負極與活性碳正極搭配1 M LiPF6 碳酸酯電解液組成的LIC，在2至4 V工作電位範圍，其最大的比能量達100 Wh kg-1、比功率達15 kW kg-1，表現優於文獻報導數值。此裝置之正極電容值可達53 mAh g-1。此LIC在經3500圈後有將近100%的電容維持率。本研究結果指出使用具有部分石墨化且層間距較大可快速充放電的軟碳負極材料能有效的提升鋰離子電容器的儲能表現。

Lithium-ion capacitors (LICs) are a fast charging device consisting of energy-storage features of lithium ion batteries and electric double-layer capacitors. LICs are assembled using activated carbon and prelithiated graphitic carbon as the cathode and anode, respectively. This study examines the influence of the graphitic arrangement of the anode on the performance of LICs. Three carbons of distinct graphitic arrangements, hard carbon (HC), soft carbon (SC), and graphite (GR), are used as the anode for the examination. The carbon anodes are completely prelithiated before combined with a high-porosity activated-carbon cathode for LIC assembly. All the three LICs yield similar capacity values of approximately 53 mAh g-1 (based on the mass of the activated carbon) at a discharge rate of 0.1 A g-1 within a cell voltage range of 24 V. The HC and SC LICs delivers higher discharge capacities than do the GR LIC; for example, the HC and SC LICs delivers a capacity of 30 mAh g-1 at 3 A g-1. After 6000 cycles of 0.5 A g-1 charge-discharge, the HC and SC LICs maintain a capacity retention of above 88%, however the GR LIC only 60%. The specific energy and power of the HC and SC LICs are as high as 100 Wh kg-1 and 15 kW kg-1, respectively.

[1] A. Burke, "Ultracapacitors: why, how, and where is the technology," Journal of power sources, vol. 91, no. 1, pp. 37-50, 2000.
[2] C. K. Chan, R. N. Patel, M. J. O’connell, B. A. Korgel, and Y. Cui, "Solution-grown silicon nanowires for lithium-ion battery anodes," ACS nano, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 1443-1450, 2010.
[3] Y. Kumar, G. Pandey, and S. Hashmi, "Gel polymer electrolyte based electrical double layer capacitors: comparative study with multiwalled carbon nanotubes and activated carbon electrodes," The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 116, no. 50, pp. 26118-26127, 2012.
[4] J. R. Miller and P. Simon, "Electrochemical capacitors for energy management," Science, vol. 321, no. 5889, pp. 651-652, 2008.
[5] A. Jagadale, X. Zhou, R. Xiong, D. P. Dubal, J. Xu, and S. Yang, "Lithium ion capacitors (LICs): Development of the materials," Energy Storage Materials, 2019.
[6] J. J. Yoo et al., "Ultrathin planar graphene supercapacitors," Nano letters, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 1423-1427, 2011.
[7] Y. Wang, Y. Song, and Y. Xia, "Electrochemical capacitors: mechanism, materials, systems, characterization and applications," Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 45, no. 21, pp. 5925-5950, 2016.
[8] A. Yu, V. Chabot, and J. Zhang, Electrochemical supercapacitors for energy storage and delivery: fundamentals and applications. CRC press, 2013.
[9] https://www.variantmarketresearch.com/report-categories/semiconductor-electronics/ultracapacitor-market.
[10] A. González, E. Goikolea, J. A. Barrena, and R. Mysyk, "Review on supercapacitors: technologies and materials," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 58, pp. 1189-1206, 2016.
[11] M. Winter and R. J. Brodd, "What are batteries, fuel cells, and supercapacitors?," ed: ACS Publications, 2004.
[12] A. M. Couper, D. Pletcher, and F. C. Walsh, "Electrode materials for electrosynthesis," Chemical Reviews, vol. 90, no. 5, pp. 837-865, 1990.
[13] D. N. Futaba et al., "Shape-engineerable and highly densely packed single-walled carbon nanotubes and their application as super-capacitor electrodes," Nature materials, vol. 5, no. 12, p. 987, 2006.
[14] Z. Fan et al., "Asymmetric supercapacitors based on graphene/MnO2 and activated carbon nanofiber electrodes with high power and energy density," Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 21, no. 12, pp. 2366-2375, 2011.
[15] X. He, N. Zhang, X. Shao, M. Wu, M. Yu, and J. Qiu, "A layered-template-nanospace-confinement strategy for production of corrugated graphene nanosheets from petroleum pitch for supercapacitors," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 297, pp. 121-127, 2016.
[16] H.-C. Huang, C.-W. Huang, C.-T. Hsieh, P.-L. Kuo, J.-M. Ting, and H. Teng, "Photocatalytically reduced graphite oxide electrode for electrochemical capacitors," The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 115, no. 42, pp. 20689-20695, 2011.
[17] J. Gamby, P. Taberna, P. Simon, J. Fauvarque, and M. Chesneau, "Studies and characterisations of various activated carbons used for carbon/carbon supercapacitors," Journal of power sources, vol. 101, no. 1, pp. 109-116, 2001.
[18] A. Pandolfo and A. Hollenkamp, "Carbon properties and their role in supercapacitors," Journal of power sources, vol. 157, no. 1, pp. 11-27, 2006.
[19] P. Simon and A. Burke, "Nanostructured carbons: double-layer capacitance and more," The electrochemical society interface, vol. 17, no. 1, p. 38, 2008.
[20] B. Marsan, N. Fradette, and G. Beaudoin, "Physicochemical and Electrochemical Properties of CuCo2 O 4 Electrodes Prepared by Thermal Decomposition for Oxygen Evolution," Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 139, no. 7, pp. 1889-1896, 1992.
[21] C. Merino, P. Soto, E. Vilaplana-Ortego, J. M. G. de Salazar, F. Pico, and J. M. Rojo, "Carbon nanofibres and activated carbon nanofibres as electrodes in supercapacitors," Carbon, vol. 43, no. 3, pp. 551-557, 2005.
[22] G. Wang, L. Zhang, and J. Zhang, "A review of electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors," Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 797-828, 2012.
[23] H. Pröbstle, M. Wiener, and J. Fricke, "Carbon aerogels for electrochemical double layer capacitors," Journal of Porous Materials, vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 213-222, 2003.
[24] M.-F. Hsueh, C.-W. Huang, C.-A. Wu, P.-L. Kuo, and H. Teng, "The synergistic effect of nitrile and ether functionalities for gel electrolytes used in supercapacitors," The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 117, no. 33, pp. 16751-16758, 2013.
[25] H.-C. Huang et al., "An ether bridge between cations to extend the applicability of ionic liquids in electric double layer capacitors," Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 4, no. 48, pp. 19160-19169, 2016.
[26] C. Zhong, Y. Deng, W. Hu, J. Qiao, L. Zhang, and J. Zhang, "A review of electrolyte materials and compositions for electrochemical supercapacitors," Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 44, no. 21, pp. 7484-7539, 2015.
[27] C.-M. Chuang, C.-W. Huang, H. Teng, and J.-M. Ting, "Effects of carbon nanotube grafting on the performance of electric double layer capacitors," Energy & Fuels, vol. 24, no. 12, pp. 6476-6482, 2010.
[28] C. Largeot, C. Portet, J. Chmiola, P.-L. Taberna, Y. Gogotsi, and P. Simon, "Relation between the ion size and pore size for an electric double-layer capacitor," Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 130, no. 9, pp. 2730-2731, 2008.
[29] M. Endo, T. Takeda, Y. Kim, K. Koshiba, and K. Ishii, "High power electric double layer capacitor (EDLC's); from operating principle to pore size control in advanced activated carbons," Carbon letters, vol. 1, no. 3_4, pp. 117-128, 2001.
[30] V. S. Bagotsky, Fundamentals of electrochemistry. John Wiley & Sons, 2005.
[31] L. L. Zhang and X. Zhao, "Carbon-based materials as supercapacitor electrodes," Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 38, no. 9, pp. 2520-2531, 2009.
[32] H. D. Young, R. A. Freedman, and L. Ford, "University Physics Vol 2 (Chapters 21-37). Vol. 2," ed: Pearson education, 2007.
[33] C. Brett and A. M. Oliveira Brett, Electrochemistry: principles, methods, and applications (no. 544.6 BRE). 1993.
[34] D. Qu and H. Shi, "Studies of activated carbons used in double-layer capacitors," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 74, no. 1, pp. 99-107, 1998.
[35] D. Qu, "Studies of the activated carbons used in double-layer supercapacitors," Journal of power sources, vol. 109, no. 2, pp. 403-411, 2002.
[36] T.-C. Weng and H. Teng, "Characterization of high porosity carbon electrodes derived from mesophase pitch for electric double-layer capacitors," Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 148, no. 4, pp. A368-A373, 2001.
[37] M. Endo et al., "Capacitance and pore-size distribution in aqueous and nonaqueous electrolytes using various activated carbon electrodes," Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 148, no. 8, pp. A910-A914, 2001.
[38] K. Kierzek, E. Frackowiak, G. Lota, G. Gryglewicz, and J. Machnikowski, "Electrochemical capacitors based on highly porous carbons prepared by KOH activation," Electrochimica Acta, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 515-523, 2004.
[39] M. Endo, Y. Kim, T. Maeda, K. Koshiba, K. Katayam, and M. Dresselhaus, "Morphological effect on the electrochemical behavior of electric double-layer capacitors," Journal of Materials Research, vol. 16, no. 12, pp. 3402-3410, 2001.
[40] H. Teng, Y.-J. Chang, and C.-T. Hsieh, "Performance of electric double-layer capacitors using carbons prepared from phenol–formaldehyde resins by KOH etching," Carbon, vol. 39, no. 13, pp. 1981-1987, 2001.
[41] M. Endo et al., "Poly (vinylidene chloride)-based carbon as an electrode material for high power capacitors with an aqueous electrolyte," Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 148, no. 10, pp. A1135-A1140, 2001.
[42] L. Wei, K. Tian, Y. Jin, X. Zhang, and X. Guo, "Three-dimensional porous hollow microspheres of activated carbon for high-performance electrical double-layer capacitors," Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, vol. 227, pp. 210-218, 2016.
[43] A. Ahmadpour and D. Do, "The preparation of active carbons from coal by chemical and physical activation," Carbon, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 471-479, 1996.
[44] H. Luo et al., "Highly nanoporous carbons by single-step organic salt carbonization for high-performance supercapacitors," Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, vol. 45, no. 8, pp. 839-848, 2015.
[45] C.-W. Huang, C.-T. Hsieh, P.-L. Kuo, and H. Teng, "Electric double layer capacitors based on a composite electrode of activated mesophase pitch and carbon nanotubes," Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 22, no. 15, pp. 7314-7322, 2012.
[46] Y. Gogotsi et al., "Nanoporous carbide-derived carbon with tunable pore size," Nature materials, vol. 2, no. 9, p. 591, 2003.
[47] J. Chmiola, G. Yushin, Y. Gogotsi, C. Portet, P. Simon, and P.-L. Taberna, "Anomalous increase in carbon capacitance at pore sizes less than 1 nanometer," Science, vol. 313, no. 5794, pp. 1760-1763, 2006.
[48] C. O. Ania, V. Khomenko, E. Raymundo‐Piñero, J. B. Parra, and F. Beguin, "The large electrochemical capacitance of microporous doped carbon obtained by using a zeolite template," Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 17, no. 11, pp. 1828-1836, 2007.
[49] M. Pumera, "Graphene-based nanomaterials and their electrochemistry," Chemical Society Reviews, vol. 39, no. 11, pp. 4146-4157, 2010.
[50] S. Vivekchand, C. S. Rout, K. Subrahmanyam, A. Govindaraj, and C. Rao, "Graphene-based electrochemical supercapacitors," Journal of Chemical Sciences, vol. 120, no. 1, pp. 9-13, 2008.
[51] M. D. Stoller, S. Park, Y. Zhu, J. An, and R. S. Ruoff, "Graphene-based ultracapacitors," Nano letters, vol. 8, no. 10, pp. 3498-3502, 2008.
[52] Y. Wang et al., "Supercapacitor devices based on graphene materials," The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, vol. 113, no. 30, pp. 13103-13107, 2009.
[53] Z.-S. Wu, G. Zhou, L.-C. Yin, W. Ren, F. Li, and H.-M. Cheng, "Graphene/metal oxide composite electrode materials for energy storage," Nano Energy, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 107-131, 2012.
[54] J. Xu, K. Wang, S.-Z. Zu, B.-H. Han, and Z. Wei, "Hierarchical nanocomposites of polyaniline nanowire arrays on graphene oxide sheets with synergistic effect for energy storage," ACS nano, vol. 4, no. 9, pp. 5019-5026, 2010.
[55] H.-K. Jeong et al., "Enhanced electric double layer capacitance of graphite oxide intercalated by poly (sodium 4-styrensulfonate) with high cycle stability," Acs Nano, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1162-1166, 2010.
[56] Y. Song, J.-L. Xu, and X.-X. Liu, "Electrochemical anchoring of dual doping polypyrrole on graphene sheets partially exfoliated from graphite foil for high-performance supercapacitor electrode," Journal of power sources, vol. 249, pp. 48-58, 2014.
[57] M. Suzuki and M. Suzuki, Adsorption engineering. Kodansha Tokyo, 1990.
[58] S. J. Gregg, K. S. W. Sing, and H. Salzberg, "Adsorption surface area and porosity," Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 114, no. 11, pp. 279C-279C, 1967.
[59] W. Russel, "The adsorption of gases and vapors. Volume i: Physical adsorption (brunauer, Stephen)," ed: ACS Publications, 1944.
[60] J. Y. Ying, C. P. Mehnert, and M. S. Wong, "Synthesis and applications of supramolecular‐templated mesoporous materials," Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 38, no. 1‐2, pp. 56-77, 1999.
[61] S. Brunauer, P. H. Emmett, and E. Teller, "Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers," Journal of the American chemical society, vol. 60, no. 2, pp. 309-319, 1938.
[62] E. P. Barrett, L. G. Joyner, and P. P. Halenda, "The determination of pore volume and area distributions in porous substances. I. Computations from nitrogen isotherms," Journal of the American Chemical society, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 373-380, 1951.
[63] P. Tarazona, U. M. B. Marconi, and R. Evans, "Phase equilibria of fluid interfaces and confined fluids: non-local versus local density functionals," Molecular Physics, vol. 60, no. 3, pp. 573-595, 1987.
[64] J. Landers, G. Y. Gor, and A. V. Neimark, "Density functional theory methods for characterization of porous materials," Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, vol. 437, pp. 3-32, 2013.
[65] J. Jagiello, J. Kenvin, J. P. Olivier, A. R. Lupini, and C. I. Contescu, "Using a new finite slit pore model for NLDFT analysis of carbon pore structure," Adsorption Science & Technology, vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 769-780, 2011.
[66] J. Jagiello and J. P. Olivier, "2D-NLDFT adsorption models for carbon slit-shaped pores with surface energetical heterogeneity and geometrical corrugation," Carbon, vol. 55, pp. 70-80, 2013.
[67] G. G. Amatucci, F. Badway, A. Du Pasquier, and T. Zheng, "An asymmetric hybrid nonaqueous energy storage cell," Journal of the Electrochemical Society, vol. 148, no. 8, pp. A930-A939, 2001.
[68] S. S. Zhang, "Eliminating pre-lithiation step for making high energy density hybrid Li-ion capacitor," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 343, pp. 322-328, 2017.
[69] J. Zhang, Z. Shi, and C. Wang, "Effect of pre-lithiation degrees of mesocarbon microbeads anode on the electrochemical performance of lithium-ion capacitors," Electrochimica Acta, vol. 125, pp. 22-28, 2014.
[70] C. Sivakumar, J.-N. Nian, and H. Teng, "Poly (o-toluidine) for carbon fabric electrode modification to enhance the electrochemical capacitance and conductivity," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 144, no. 1, pp. 295-301, 2005.
[71] M.-Y. Cho, M.-H. Kim, H.-K. Kim, K.-B. Kim, J. R. Yoon, and K. C. Roh, "Electrochemical performance of hybrid supercapacitor fabricated using multi-structured activated carbon," Electrochemistry Communications, vol. 47, pp. 5-8, 2014.
[72] B. Li et al., "Nitrogen-doped activated carbon for a high energy hybrid supercapacitor," Energy & Environmental Science, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 102-106, 2016.
[73] D. Mhamane et al., "Silica-assisted bottom-up synthesis of graphene-like high surface area carbon for highly efficient ultracapacitor and Li-ion hybrid capacitor applications," Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 4, no. 15, pp. 5578-5591, 2016.
[74] Q. Wang, Z. Wen, and J. Li, "Carbon nanotubes/TiO2 nanotubes hybrid supercapacitor," Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology, vol. 7, no. 9, pp. 3328-3331, 2007.
[75] Q. Wang, Z. Wen, and J. Li, "A hybrid supercapacitor fabricated with a carbon nanotube cathode and a TiO2–B nanowire anode," Advanced Functional Materials, vol. 16, no. 16, pp. 2141-2146, 2006.
[76] A. Du Pasquier, I. Plitz, J. Gural, F. Badway, and G. Amatucci, "Power-ion battery: bridging the gap between Li-ion and supercapacitor chemistries," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 160-170, 2004.
[77] X. Hu, Z. Deng, J. Suo, and Z. Pan, "A high rate, high capacity and long life (LiMn2O4+ AC)/Li4Ti5O12 hybrid battery–supercapacitor," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 187, no. 2, pp. 635-639, 2009.
[78] X. Hu, Y. Huai, Z. Lin, J. Suo, and Z. Deng, "A (LiFePO4–AC)∕ Li4Ti5O12 Hybrid Battery Capacitor," Journal of The Electrochemical Society, vol. 154, no. 11, pp. A1026-A1030, 2007.
[79] D. Cericola, P. Novák, A. Wokaun, and R. Kötz, "Hybridization of electrochemical capacitors and rechargeable batteries: An experimental analysis of the different possible approaches utilizing activated carbon, Li4Ti5O12 and LiMn2O4," Journal of power sources, vol. 196, no. 23, pp. 10305-10313, 2011.
[80] J. B. Goodenough and K.-S. Park, "The Li-ion rechargeable battery: a perspective," Journal of the American Chemical Society, vol. 135, no. 4, pp. 1167-1176, 2013.
[81] A. Shellikeri et al., "Hybrid lithium-ion capacitor with LiFePO 4/AC composite cathode–Long term cycle life study, rate effect and charge sharing analysis," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 392, pp. 285-295, 2018.
[82] F. Chen, R. Li, M. Hou, L. Liu, R. Wang, and Z. Deng, "Preparation and characterization of ramsdellite Li2Ti3O7 as an anode material for asymmetric supercapacitors," Electrochimica Acta, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 61-65, 2005.
[83] J. Ding, W. Hu, E. Paek, and D. Mitlin, "Review of hybrid ion capacitors: from aqueous to lithium to sodium," Chemical reviews, vol. 118, no. 14, pp. 6457-6498, 2018.
[84] H. Azuma, H. Imoto, S. i. Yamada, and K. Sekai, "Advanced carbon anode materials for lithium ion cells," Journal of power sources, vol. 81, pp. 1-7, 1999.
[85] C. Julien, M. Massot, and K. Zaghib, "Structural studies of Li4/3Me5/3O4 (Me= Ti, Mn) electrode materials: local structure and electrochemical aspects," Journal of power sources, vol. 136, no. 1, pp. 72-79, 2004.
[86] G. W. Lee, M. S. Kim, J. H. Jeong, H. K. Roh, K. C. Roh, and K. B. Kim, "Comparative Study of Li4Ti5O12 Composites Prepared withPristine, Oxidized, and Surfactant‐Treated Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes for High‐Power Hybrid Supercapacitors," ChemElectroChem, vol. 5, no. 17, pp. 2357-2366, 2018.
[87] H. Wang, C. Zhu, D. Chao, Q. Yan, and H. J. Fan, "Nonaqueous Hybrid Lithium‐Ion and Sodium‐Ion Capacitors," Advanced Materials, vol. 29, no. 46, p. 1702093, 2017.
[88] V. Aravindan, Y. L. Cheah, W. F. Mak, G. Wee, B. V. Chowdari, and S. Madhavi, "Fabrication of High Energy‐Density Hybrid Supercapacitors Using Electrospun V2O5 Nanofibers with a Self‐Supported Carbon Nanotube Network," ChemPlusChem, vol. 77, no. 7, pp. 570-575, 2012.
[89] H. Wang et al., "Hybrid device employing three-dimensional arrays of MnO in carbon nanosheets bridges battery–supercapacitor divide," Nano letters, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 1987-1994, 2014.
[90] H. Park, M. Kim, F. Xu, C. Jung, S. M. Hong, and C. M. Koo, "In situ synchrotron wide-angle X-ray scattering study on rapid lithiation of graphite anode via direct contact method for Li-ion capacitors," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 283, pp. 68-73, 2015.
[91] W. Cao and J. P. Zheng, "Li-ion capacitors with carbon cathode and hard carbon/stabilized lithium metal powder anode electrodes," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 213, pp. 180-185, 2012.
[92] P. Jeżowski, O. Crosnier, E. Deunf, P. Poizot, F. Béguin, and T. Brousse, "Safe and recyclable lithium-ion capacitors using sacrificial organic lithium salt," Nature materials, vol. 17, no. 2, p. 167, 2018.
[93] A. J. Bard and L. R. Faulkner, "Fundamentals and applications," Electrochemical Methods, vol. 2, p. 482, 2001.
[94] W. Pell and B. Conway, "Voltammetry at a de Levie brush electrode as a model for electrochemical supercapacitor behaviour," Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, vol. 500, no. 1-2, pp. 121-133, 2001.
[95] C.-L. Chen, H. Teng, and Y.-L. Lee, "Preparation of highly efficient gel-state dye-sensitized solar cells using polymer gel electrolytes based on poly (acrylonitrile-co-vinyl acetate)," Journal of Materials Chemistry, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 628-632, 2011.
[96] B. D. Cullity, "Elements of X-ray Diffraction," 2001.
[97] M. Yan, F. Chen, J. Zhang, and M. Anpo, "Preparation of controllable crystalline titania and study on the photocatalytic properties," The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, vol. 109, no. 18, pp. 8673-8678, 2005.
[98] C.-W. Tu, K.-Y. Liu, A.-T. Chien, C.-H. Lee, K.-C. Ho, and K.-F. Lin, "Performance of gelled-type dye-sensitized solar cells associated with glass transition temperature of the gelatinizing polymers," European Polymer Journal, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 608-614, 2008.
[99] T. Centeno and F. Stoeckli, "The assessment of surface areas in porous carbons by two model-independent techniques, the DR equation and DFT," Carbon, vol. 48, no. 9, pp. 2478-2486, 2010.
[100] F. Stoeckli and T. A. Centeno, "Optimization of the characterization of porous carbons for supercapacitors," Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 1, no. 23, pp. 6865-6873, 2013.
[101] M. Zhi, F. Yang, F. Meng, M. Li, A. Manivannan, and N. Wu, "Effects of pore structure on performance of an activated-carbon supercapacitor electrode recycled from scrap waste tires," ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, vol. 2, no. 7, pp. 1592-1598, 2014.
[102] J. Huang, B. G. Sumpter, and V. Meunier, "A universal model for nanoporous carbon supercapacitors applicable to diverse pore regimes, carbon materials, and electrolytes," Chemistry–A European Journal, vol. 14, no. 22, pp. 6614-6626, 2008.
[103] K. Xia, Q. Gao, J. Jiang, and J. Hu, "Hierarchical porous carbons with controlled micropores and mesopores for supercapacitor electrode materials," Carbon, vol. 46, no. 13, pp. 1718-1726, 2008.
[104] D. W. Wang, F. Li, M. Liu, G. Q. Lu, and H. M. Cheng, "3D aperiodic hierarchical porous graphitic carbon material for high‐rate electrochemical capacitive energy storage," Angewandte Chemie International Edition, vol. 47, no. 2, pp. 373-376, 2008.
[105] V. Khomenko, E. Raymundo-Piñero, and F. Béguin, "High-energy density graphite/AC capacitor in organic electrolyte," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 177, no. 2, pp. 643-651, 2008.
[106] X. Han et al., "Nitrogen-doped carbonized polyimide microsphere as a novel anode material for high performance lithium ion capacitors," Electrochimica Acta, vol. 196, pp. 603-610, 2016.
[107] S. Jayaraman et al., "Li-ion vs. Na-ion capacitors: A performance evaluation with coconut shell derived mesoporous carbon and natural plant based hard carbon," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 316, pp. 506-513, 2017.
[108] J. Ajuria, E. Redondo, M. Arnaiz, R. Mysyk, T. Rojo, and E. Goikolea, "Lithium and sodium ion capacitors with high energy and power densities based on carbons from recycled olive pits," Journal of Power Sources, vol. 359, pp. 17-26, 2017.