The impending depletion of fossil fuels has led the world to look for new sources of energy. To overcome this problem, a storage medium or energy carrier is needed. Hydrogen is an energy carrier since it is one of the most efficient, cleanest and lightest fuels.In the recent research, human urine and wastewater from urea plant ware used as feed in the process to produce hydrogen. The objective of thisresearch is to obtain the optimum design of hybrid power generation system of Photovoltaic Cells and Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) to meet energy load demand of electricity.
The hydrogen production system consists of two processes namely urea hydrolysis reaction process (ammonia production) in reactive distillation column and ammonia decomposition reaction process (hydrogen production) in membrane reactor. The energy consumption played a big role in this process. Hence the heat recovery conducted to reduce the heat required from the outside. ASPEN PLUS used to simulate the process. The hydrogen has been produced on hydrogen production is the fuel for PEMFC.
The hybrid power generation system configuration was arranged to supply load demand of electricity. The modelling simulation of hybrid power generation of photovoltaic cells, PEMFC and battery performed by using MATLAB. The load demand for daylight was covered using the Photovoltaic Cells and thePEMFC to cover the rest load demand. The excess of energy were saved (charging mode) in the battery and it will be discharged when PEMFC was not enough to cover the load demand in the night.The aim of the optimization is finding the optimum configuration of hybrid power generation system which meets the desired system reliability requirements with the lowest value of the Total Annual Cost and the Levelized Cost of Energy (LCE). The optimum hybrid power generation system configuration result was obtained when the total PV was 8pcs and PEMFC power was 542.5W/hr. The battery needed only 1 (one) pcs. The LCE was 0.0941 US$/kWh and Total Cost was 6731.53 US$/year.

[1] P.B. Josef Paska, Hybrid Photovoltaic-Fuel Cell Power Plant.
[2] G. Wang, Y. Ling, X. Lu, H. Wang, F. Qian, Y. Tong, Y. Li, Solar driven hydrogen releasing from urea and human urine, Energy & Environmental Science, 5 (2012) 8215.
[3] B.K. Boggs, R.L. King, G.G. Botte, Urea electrolysis: direct hydrogen production from urine, Chemical communications, (2009) 4859-4861.
[4] R.L. King, G.G. Botte, Hydrogen production via urea electrolysis using a gel electrolyte, Journal of Power Sources, 196 (2011) 2773-2778.
[5] M.R. Rahimpour, A. Azarpour, Simulation of a Urea Thermal Hydrolysis Reactor, Chemical Engineering Communications, 192 (2005) 155-167.
[6] Basic Photovoltaic Principles and Methods, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 1981.
[7] D.T.a.A.K. Seng, Handbook for Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Systems, Energy Market Authority, Singapore, 2000.
[8] Fuel Cell Basics-technology types, in: FuelCellToday, United States, 2012.
[9] Fuel Cell Technologies Program, in: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S Department of Energy, United State, 2010.
[10] Lithium-ion Battery Overview, in: International Finance Corporation, Lighting Global, 2012.
[11] S. Nowak, Trends 2013-In Photovoltaic Apllications, in: R.I.-P. T1-23:2013 (Ed.) ISBN – 978-3-906042-14-5, IEA International Energy Agency, France, 2013.
[12] Daystar, A stand-alone Photovoltaic Systems SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES, NEW MEXICO, 1995.
[13] P.J. S.N.Singh, Navneet Prabhakar, Technical Feasibility of Photovoltaic Fuel Cell: A model of Green Home Power Supply for Rural India, International Journal of Emerging Trends & Technology in Computer Science (IJETTCS) 1(2012) 216-220.
[14] T. Lajnef, S. Abid, A. Ammous, Modeling, Control, and Simulation of a Solar Hydrogen/Fuel Cell Hybrid Energy System for Grid-Connected Applications, Advances in Power Electronics, 2013 (2013) 1-9.
[15] J.J. Hwang, L.K. Lai, W. Wu, W.R. Chang, Dynamic modeling of a photovoltaic hydrogen fuel cell hybrid system, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 34 (2009) 9531-9542.
[16] N. Sifer, K. Gardner, An analysis of hydrogen production from ammonia hydride hydrogen generators for use in military fuel cell environments, Journal of Power Sources, 132 (2004) 135-138.
[17] J.N. Sahu, V.S.R.K. Chava, S. Hussain, A.V. Patwardhan, B.C. Meikap, Optimization of ammonia production from urea in continuous process using ASPEN Plus and computational fluid dynamics study of the reactor used for hydrolysis process, Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 16 (2010) 577-586.
[18] K. Mahalik, J.N. Sahu, A.V. Patwardhan, B.C. Meikap, Kinetic studies on hydrolysis of urea in a semi-batch reactor at atmospheric pressure for safe use of ammonia in a power plant for flue gas conditioning, Journal of hazardous materials, 175 (2010) 629-637.
[19] C.M.F. A.S.Chellapa, W.J.Thomson, Ammonia decomposition kinetics over Ni-Pt/Al2O3 for PEM fuel cell applications, Applied Catalysis, 227 (2002) 231-240.
[20] A.R.M.A.S.B. MUHAMAD NAZRI MURAT, Modeling of a reactive Distillation Column: methyl Tertiary butyl Ether(MTBE) simulation Studies, IIUM Engineering Journal, 4 (2003).
[21] V.O.A. Olaosebikan A. Olafadehan, Lekan T. Popoola and Lukumon Salami, Mathematical Modelling and Simulation of Multicomponent Distillation Column for Acetone-Chloroform-methanol system, Advanced Chemical Engineering Research, 2 (2013).
[22] G. Li, M. Kanezashi, T. Yoshioka, T. Tsuru, Ammonia decomposition in catalytic membrane reactors: Simulation and experimental studies, AIChE Journal, 59 (2013) 168-179.
[23] L. P.Schell, Method of Hydrolyzing Urea Contained in Waste Water Stream, in: United States Patent, Olin Corporation, United States, 1978.
[24] Y.K. F.Sakamoto, F.L.Chen, Y.Sakamoto, Hydrogen Permeation Through Palladium Alloy Membranes In mixture Gases of 10% Nitrogen and Ammonia In the Hydrogen, Hydrogen Energy, 22 (1997) 369-375.
[25] G.S. Burkhanov, N.B. Gorina, N.B. Kolchugina, N.R. Roshan, D.I. Slovetsky, E.M. Chistov, Palladium-Based Alloy Membranes for Separation of High Purity Hydrogen from Hydrogen-Containing Gas Mixtures, Platinum Metals Review, 55 (2011) 3-12.
[26] W.P. Wang, S. Thomas, X.L. Zhang, X.L. Pan, W.S. Yang, G.X. Xiong, H2/N2 gaseous mixture separation in dense Pd/α-Al2O3 hollow fiber membranes: Experimental and simulation studies, Separation and Purification Technology, 52 (2006) 177-185.
[27] Heat recovery, in: C. Trust (Ed.), Carbon Trust, United Kingdom, 2010.
[28] M. Hosseini, I. Dincer, M.A. Rosen, Hybrid solar–fuel cell combined heat and power systems for residential applications: Energy and exergy analyses, Journal of Power Sources, 221 (2013) 372-380.
[29] E.J. Sheu, A. Mitsos, A.A. Eter, E.M.A. Mokheimer, M.A. Habib, A. Al-Qutub, A Review of Hybrid Solar–Fossil Fuel Power Generation Systems and Performance Metrics, Journal of Solar Energy Engineering, 134 (2012) 041006.
[30] I.Z. J.I.San Martin, J.J.San Martin,V.Aperribay,P.Eguia, Hybrid Technologies:Fuel Cells and Renewable Energies.
[31] M.T.I. M.J.Khan, Modelling and analysis od electrochemial thermal and reactant flow dynamics for a PEM Fuel Cell System, Fuel Cells, 5 (2004) 463-475.
[32] M.T.I. M.J.Khan, Dynamic Modelling and Simulation of a Fuel Cell Generator, Fuel Cells, 5 (2004) 97-104.
[33] C.S.B. J.Surya Kumari, Mathematical Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltaic Cell, International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), 2 (2012) 22-34.
[34] J.K.P. Soeren Baekhoej Kjaer, Frede Blaabjerg, A Review of Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverters for Photovoltaic Modules, IEEE Transactions on industry applications, 41 (2005) 1292-1306.
[35] A.H. Mahmoud Samiei Moghaddam, Control of Hybrid PV/Fuel Cell/Battery Power Systems.
[36] G. Léna, Rural Electrification with PV Hybrid Systems, in: I.-P. T9-13:2013 (Ed.) IEA PVPS, IEA International Energy Agency, 2013.
[37] G.N.a.A.L. M.Muselli, Design of Hybrid Photovoltaic Power Generation, With Optimization of Energy Management, Solar Energy, 65 (1999) 143-157.
[38] J.L. Bernal-Agustín, R. Dufo-López, Simulation and optimization of stand-alone hybrid renewable energy systems, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 13 (2009) 2111-2118.
[39] M.P. Sabine Piller, Andreas Jossen, Method for State-Of-Charge determination and their application, Journal of Power Sources, 96 (2001) 113-120.
[40] B.D. Shakya, L. Aye, P. Musgrave, Technical feasibility and financial analysis of hybrid wind–photovoltaic system with hydrogen storage for Cooma, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 30 (2005) 9-20.
[41] A.D.P. Athanasia A.Lazou, The economics of photovoltaic stand-alone residential households: A case study for various European and Mediterranean locations, Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 62 (2000) 411-427.
[42] S. Diaf, G. Notton, M. Belhamel, M. Haddadi, A. Louche, Design and techno-economical optimization for hybrid PV/wind system under various meteorological conditions, Applied Energy, 85 (2008) 968-987.
[43] H.X. Yang, L. Lu, J. Burnett, Weather data and probability analysis of hybrid photovoltaic–wind power generation systems in Hong Kong, Renewable Energy, 28 (2003) 1813-1824.
[44] Z.M.S. Bogdan S. Borowy, Methodology for Optimally Sizing the Combination of a Battery Bank and PV Array in a Wind/PV Hybrid System, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 11 (1996) 367-375.
[45] Y.H. Ai Bin, Liao Xianbo, Computer Aided Design for PV/Wind Hybrid System, 3rd World Conference on Photovoltaic Energy Conversion, (2003).
[46] E.O.a. A.Braunstein, The Loss of Power Supply Probability As A Technique for Designing Stand-Alone Soolar Electrical(photovoltaic) System, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, PAS-102 (1983) 1171-1175.
[47] H. Yang, W. Zhou, L. Lu, Z. Fang, Optimal sizing method for stand-alone hybrid solar–wind system with LPSP technology by using genetic algorithm, Solar Energy, 82 (2008) 354-367.
[48] H. Yang, L. Lu, W. Zhou, A novel optimization sizing model for hybrid solar-wind power generation system, Solar Energy, 81 (2007) 76-84.
[49] W.X. Shen, Optimally sizing of solar array and battery in a standalone photovoltaic system in Malaysia, Renewable Energy, 34 (2009) 348-352.
[50]http://www.aliexpress.com/store/product/50W-18V-monocrystalline-silicon-Solar-Panel-used-for-12V-photovoltaic-power-home-system-50Watt-50WP-12VDC/319525_1820996117.html
[51] http://www.ecvv.com/product/4166854.html
[52]http://store.renewableenergysys.com/browse.cfm/battery-surrette-6v-1156-solar-battery-6-cs-25ps/4,45.html