美國有線電視費率制度歷經三次變動，從管制、解除管制、再管制、乃至目前的再解除管制。這些變化並非憑空出現，各自皆有其成因。

本文將探討1984年有線政策傳播法、1992年有線電視消費者保護暨競爭法、1996年電信法的形成。在立法過程中，行政部門、立法部門以及多元利益團體扮演的角色與行為，充分影響實質政策產出。

新制度主義的制度變遷可以解釋說明上述法案產生原因。當供給與需求處於不均衡狀態，制度將產生變化。制度如果長期處於不均衡狀態，必然導致制度變遷。消除制度失衡取決於新制度取代舊制度。

本文從新制度主義觀點，觀察美國有線電視費率制度演變，分為1984年之前、1984~1991年、1992~1995年以及1996年之後。

Cable TV rate system of America has been changed from regulation, deregulation, re-regulation to re-deregulation. All of them have their own causes.

The thesis will discuss the form of the Cable Communication Policy Acts of 1984, Cable Television Consumer Protection and Competition Acts of 1992, and the Telecommunication Acts of 1996. In legislation process, the role played by executive department, legislation department and interest groups do affect policy-making result.

Institutional change of the New Institutionalism can explain the causes of those acts mentioned above. When demand and supply is out of stable equilibrium. Institution will change. The achievement of new institutional equilibrium is decided by the process of the new institution displacing the old ones─the process of the institutional innovation and transition.

The article will employ The New Institutionalism and research the main question about the transition of the institutional choice in the reform of cable TV rate system of America. In addition, the process of the reforms can be divided into four sections: 1984 prior, 1984~1991, 1992~1995 and 1996~.

一、網站部分
CableLabs，http://www.cablelabs.com/(2003年3月18日)

Cable Services Bureau, FCC, (1999), 〝Report on Cable Industry Prices〞：http://www.fcc.gov/csb/(2002年12月3日)

Consumer Federation of America，http://www.consumerfed.org/(2003年3月2日)

EBSCO Host Online Fulltext Reference Database—Academic Search Elite，http://search.global.epnet.com/(2003年2月25日)

Federal Communications Commission(FCC)，http://www.fcc.gov/(2003年4月10日)

National Cable Television Association：http://ncta.cyberserv.com(2002年12月19日)

美洲雅虎，http://www.yahoo.com/(2003年1月12日)

二、中文部分
(一)書籍
王躍生：《新制度主義》，(台北：揚智文化，1997年)。

丘昌泰：《政策科學之理論與實際：美國與台灣經驗》，(台北：五南，1998年)。

何思因主編：《美國》，(台北：國立政治大學國際關係研究中心，初版，1992年5月)。

宋永福：《美國聯邦通訊委員會》，(臺北：財團法人廣播電視事業發展基金，1997年)。

林亦堂：《跨世紀的美國電子傳播事業》，(台北：廣電基金，初版，1998年)。

張金鑑：《美國政府》，(台北：三民書局，1977年)。

張美滿：《美國有線電視與電信事業跨業經營管制之研究》，私立淡江大學大眾傳播研究所碩士論文，1998年。

張紹勳：《研究方法》，〈台中：滄海書局，2000年2月〉。

彭芸：《各國廣電政策初探》，(台北：廣電基金，1994年)。

劉孔中、施俊吉主編：《管制革新》，(台北：中研院社科所，2001年)。

薛祖仁譯：《美國公共行政管理》，(台北：風雲論壇，初版，1999年8月)。

羅志淵編著：《美國政府及政治》，(台北：正中書局，二版，1994年11月)。

Alan C. Isaak著，朱堅章主譯：《政治學的範圍與方法》 (台北：幼獅，1978年)。

Christopher Pass, Bryan Lowes, Leslie Davies合著，施蓓莉譯：《經濟學辭典》(HaperCollins dictionary of economics)(台北：貓頭鷹出版，城邦發行，1999年)。

David H. Rosen bloom原著，呂育成等譯：《公共行政學：管理、政治、法律觀點》 (Public administration: understanding management, politics, and law in the public sector) ，〈台北：麥格羅希爾，初版，2000年5月〉。

Douglass C. North著，劉瑞華譯：《制度、制度變遷與經濟成就》 (Institutions, institutional change, and economic performance) （台北：時報文化，初版，1994年）。

Eirik G. Furubotn, Rudolf Richter原著，顏愛靜主譯：《制度與經濟理論：新制度經濟學之貢獻》 (Institutions and Economic Theory: the Contribution of the New Institutional Economics) ，〈台北：五南，初版，2001〉。

Harrie M. Cooper著，高英美譯：《研究文獻之回顧與整合》 (Integrating Research: A Guide for Literature Review) （台北：弘智文化，1999年）。

Lindblom, Charles E.原著，竺乾威、胡君芳譯：《決策過程》(The Policy-Making Process)，〈台北：五南，1991〉。

Wilbur Schramm原著，游梓翔、吳韻儀譯：《人類傳播史》(The Theory of Human Communication)，〈台北：遠流，1994〉。

(二)期刊
朱蓓蕾：〈中共中央與地方政經互動關係──新制度主義之分析〉，《東亞季刊》，第31卷第4期（2000年秋季），頁29-62。

江耀國：〈美國有線電視的特許、整合及競爭管制－市場與法律政策分析〉，《人文及社會科學集刊》，第10卷第4期（1998年12月），頁515-574。
　　　
江耀國(a)：〈一九九八年美國有線電視新市場─從結構管制的觀點分析〉，《月旦法學雜誌》第47期(1999年4月)。

江耀國(b)：〈美國有線電視的費率管制─兼論我國的情形〉，《政大法學評論》第62期(1999年12月)。

林亦堂：〈析述美國傳播法規改革──1990世界電子傳播法規與制度的革命 (上)〉，《廣電人月刊》，第16期（1996年4月），頁8-10。

林亦堂：〈析述美國傳播法規改革──1990世界電子傳播法規與制度的革命 (下)〉，《廣電人月刊》，第17期（1996年5月），頁13-16。

胡至沛：〈新制度主義的檢視與反思〉，《中國行政評論》，第11卷第1期（2001年12月），頁145-162。

許毓真、曾繁藤：〈有線電視與美國憲法第一修正案：兼論我國有線電視法草案之相關規定〉，《衛星與有線電視》，1993年1月。

高玉玲：〈從美國有線電視分級收費的經驗探討台灣分級收費的可行性〉，《衛星與有線電視》，1997年8月。

徐仁輝：〈制度變遷與美國預算改革〉，《東吳經濟商學學報》，第24期（1999年3月），頁89-114。

張美滿：〈美國有線電視與電信事業跨業經營禁令違憲審查之分析〉，《美歐季刊》，第12卷第1期(1999年1月)。

彭慧鸞：〈韓國電信自由化的政治經濟分析〉，《問題與研究》，第39卷第1期（2000年1月），頁15-33。

陳尚懋：〈新制度主義與兩岸公營事業改革：民營化 v.s. 國企改革〉，《公營事業評論》，第2卷第2期（2000年7月），頁79-105。

劉維羣：〈越南政經改革之探討──新制度主義之分析觀點〉，《康寧學報》，第3卷第1期（2001年6月），頁79-97。

謝俊義：〈新制度主義的展望〉，《中國行政》第68期(2000年8月)。

Amold, Mark著，李鐘賢譯：〈他山之石一：美國篇──由美國經驗看台灣有線頻道的未來〉，《廣告雜誌》，1998年8月。

三、英文部分
(一)書籍
Bentley, Arthur, The Process of Government: A Study of Social Pressures (Evanston, IL: The Principia Press of Illinois, 1935).

Besen, Stanley M. & Johonson, Leland C., An Economic Analysis of Mandatory Leased Channel Access for Cable Television, (Santa Monica, Calif: Rand Corporation, 1982).

Bittner, John, Law and Regulation of Electronic Media(N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2nd ed.,1994).

Brayer, Stephen, Regulation and It’s Reform(New York: Random House, 1982).

Cater, Douglas, Power in Washington: A Critical Look at Today’s Struggle in the Nation’s Capital (New York: Random House, 1964).

Cawson, A., The Blackwell Encyclopaedia of Political Thought (Oxford: Blackwell, 1987).

Crandall, Robert W.; Furchtgott-Roth, Harold, Cable TV: Regulation or Competition? (The Brookings Institution, Jan1996).

Dahl, R.A., Modern Political Analysis (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1991).

Duesterberg, Thomas, The Role of Competition and Regulation in Today’s Cable TV Market, (Hudson Institution, 1998).

Freeman, J. Leiper, The Political Process: Executive Bureau – Legislative Committee Relations (New York: Random House, 1955).

Hazlett, T.H. & Spitzer, M.S., Public Policy Towards Cable Television: The Economics of Rate Controls (London: MIT Press, 1997).

Heclo, Hugh, “Issue Networks and the Executive Establishment,” (ED.) The New Amercian Politcal System. A. King. (Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 1978).

Immergut, The Theoretical Core of the New Institutionalism, (New York: Random House, 1980).

Jordan, A. G., “Policy Community Realism versus ‘New Institutionalism’ Ambiguity,”Political Studies, No.38 (1990), pp. 470-484.

Kellogg, M. K., Thorne, J. & Huber, P. W., Federal Telecommunications Law (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1992).

Kvavik, R. B., Interest Groups in Norwegian Politics (Oslo: Universitesforlaget, 1980).

Levy, Jonathan D. & Pitsch, Peter K., Statistical Evidence of Substitutability Among Video Delivery Systems, (Washington D.C.: Federal Communications commission, 1984).

Lipschultz, Jeremy Harris, Broadcast Indeceny: FCC Regulation and The First Amendment（Bost﹝mass.﹞: Focal Press, 1997）.

MacAvoy, Paul W. (ed), Deregulation of Cable Television, (Washington D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1977).

Mair, P., Party System Change: Apporaches and Interpretations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997).

Noll, Roger G., Peck, Merton J., & McGowan, J. J., Economic Aspects of Television Regulation, (Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1973).

Owen, Bruce M., Beebe, Jack, & Manning W. G. Jr., Television Economics, (Lesington, Mass: Lexington Books, 1974).

Ornstein, Norman, “The Open Congress meets the President”, in Both Ends of the Avenue, A. King (ed). (American Enterprise Institute 1983), p.196.

Rhodes, Rad A. W., Control and Power in Central – Local Government Relations (Farnborough: Saxon House, 1981).

Rhodes, Rad A. W. & David March, “Policy Networks in British Politics.” In Policy Networks in British Bovernment (Oxford: Claredon Press, 1992).

Sabatier, Paul A. & H. C. Jenkins-Smith, “The Study of Public Policy Process.” (Eds.) Policy Change and Learning: An Advocacy Coalition Approach (Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1993).

Salamon, L. M., Partners in Public Service: Government – Nonprofit Relations in the Modern Welfare State (Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press, 1995).

Shapiro, George, Kurland, Philip, & Mercurio, James, Cablespeech: The Case for First Amendment Protection, (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., 1983).

Schick, Alleln, “Politics Through Law: Congressional Limitation on Executive discretion,” in Both Ends of the Avenue, Anthony King (ed.) (American Enterprise Institute 1983), pp.180-81.

Stone, Alan, Economic Regulation and the Public Interest（Cornell: The Cornell University Press, 1977）.

Truman, David, The Government Process: Political Interests and Public Opinion (New York: Knof, 1962).

Viscusi, W. Kip, John M. Vernon & Joseph E., Harrington Jr., Economic of Regulation and Antitrust (Cambridge Mass., 3rd ed., 2000).

Whicker, Marcia Lynn, Controversial Issues in Economic Regulatory Policy (Newburry Park, 1993).

Weiss, Leonard W. & Michael W. Klass, Regulatory Reform: What Actually Happened, (Canada: Little, Brown & Company, 1986).

Wilks, Stephen & Maurice Wright, (Eds.) Comparative Government – Industry Relation: Western Europe, the United States and Japan (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987).

Williamson, Peter J., Corporatism in Perspective: An Introductory Guide to Corporatist Theory (London: Sage, 1989).

Willson, Frank L., Interest Group Politics in France (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987).
Zelezny, John, Communications Law (CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1993).

(二)期刊
Barrett, Andrew, “Shifting Foundations: the Regulation of Tele communications in an Era of Change,” Federal Communications Law Journal, Vol.46No.1 (Jan94), pp.39-62.

Blake, Jonathan & Tiedrich, “The National Information Infrastructure Initiative and the Emergence of the Electronic Superhighway,” Federal Communications Law Journal, Vol.46No.1 (Jan94), pp.3-10.

Boucher, Rick, “Map to Last Mile of Superhighway: Let’s Repeal Cross-Ownership Restriction,” Roll Call, (Nov93), pp.18-19.

Braeutigam, R. R. & Panzar, J. C., “Diversification Incentives under “Price-Based” and “Cost-Based” Regulation, Rand Journal of Economics, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Autumn/ 1989), pp. 373-p391.

Clinton, Bill, “Clinton on Communications,” Broadcasting & Cable, (23/Sep/94), pp.23-24.

Colman, Price, “Cable-rate Rises in Decline,” Broadcasting & Cable, (30/Dec/96), p.28.

Colman, Price, “Dishing Up A DBS Warning,” Broadcasting & Cable, (8/Jul/96), p.33.

Cook, William J., “Stop Sign on the Information Superhighway,” U.S. News & World Report, Vol.116Issue9 (Mar94), p.17.

Fliming, Heather, “Digital Deal Diminishes Auction Opposition,” Broadcasting & Cable, (2/Dec/97), p.7.

Fowles, Jib, “The Violence Against Television Violence,” Television Quarterly, Vol.XXXV111, No.1 (Summer96), pp.41-45.

Garcia, Linda, “The Failure of Telecom Reform,” Telecommunications, (Dec96), pp.66-70.

Gibson, C. C., “Development the New Institutionalism and Institution Change,” American Political Science Association Meeting, San Francisco, 1996.
Gilder, George, “Cable’s Secret Weapon,” Forbes, Vol.149Issue8(Apr92), p.80-84.

Gore, Al, “Remarks Prepared for Delivery by Vice President Al Gore,” Federa; Communications Law Journal,(Jan94), pp.63-64.

Hall, Peter A., “Political Science and the Three New Institutionalisms,” Political Studies, Vol.44Issue4 (Dec96), p.936-957.

Hatch, David, “Tauzin Vows FCC Revamp,” Electronic Media, (16/Dec/96), p.79.

Hazlett, Thomas W. & Spitzer, Matthew L., “How Cable TV Controls Backfired,” Consumers’ Research Magazine, Vol.81Issue11 (Nov98), pp.15-17.

Hazlett, Thomas W., “Let’s Regulate Cable Now!” Reason, Vol.30Issue5 (Oct98), p.74.

Hearn, Ted, “Sen. McCain Will Target Rates,” Multimedia News, (13/Jan/97), p.5.

Huber, P. W., “Telecommunications Regulation: The Beginning of the End”, Issues in Science and Technology, No.10 (Fall/1993).

Hundt, Reed, “First Thing First,” Broadcasting & Cable, (3/Mar/96), p.936-957.

Jordan, A. G., Policy Community Realism versus ‘New Institutionalism’ Ambiguity, Political Studies, No.38 (1990), pp. 470-484.

Katzenstein, Peter J., “Conclusion: Domestic Structures and Strategies of Foreign Economic Policy,” International Organization, Vol.31, No. 4(1977), pp.879-920.

Katz, Michael, “Cable Trading: A Big Deal,” Broadcasting & Cable, (11/Mar/96), p.42.

Koopmans, R., “New Social Movements and Changes in Political Participation in Western Europe,” West European Politics, No.19 (1996), pp. 28-50.

Krattenmaker, Thomas, “The Telecommunications Act of 1996,” Federal Comunications Law Journal, Vo49No.1 (Nov96), pp.4-9.

Landay, Jerry M., “What’s Good For Cable Isn’t Good For Consumers,” Christian Science Monitor, Vol.90Issue37 (Jan98), p.11.

Lipin, Steven, “Gorillas in Our Midst: Mega deals Smash Records as Firms Take Advantage of Favorable Climate,” The Wall Street Journal, (Jan97), p.R8.

Lloyd, Frank, “Cable Television’s Emerging Two-Way Services: A Delimma for federal and State Regulators,” Vanderbilt Law Review, No.36 (1983), p.1045.

Mandel, Michael, “A Pack of 800-LB-Gorillas,” Business Week, (3/Feb/97), p.35.

McConnell, Chris, “Consolidation Yea or Nay,” Broadcasting & Cable, (27/Jan/97), p.4.

McConnell, Chris, “Digital TV No Sure Thing,” Broadcasting & Cable, (17/Mar/97), p.8.

McConville, Jim, “Dish Prices Falls Again,” Broadcasting & Cable, (30/Dec/96), p.30.

Merline, J.W., “Cable Rates,” Consumers’ Research Magazine, Vol.75Issue1 (Jan92), p.38.

Millsap, M., “Cable Industry Insists the Price is Right,” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, Vol.49Issue13 (Mar91), pp.790-792.

Millsap, M., “Cable Television—Law & Legislation,” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, Vol.48Issue51 (Dec90), p.4200.

Millsap, M., “Senate Cable Regulation Bill Headed For Another Season,” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, Vol.49Issue46 (Nov91), p.3373.

Millsap, M., “Senate Action on Cable Bill Provokes Clash of Titans,” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, Vol.50Issue2 (Jan92), p.47-51.

Millsap, M., “Markey’s Cable Re-Regulation Bill Survives Democrat’s Defections,” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, Vol.50Issue15 (Arp92), p.943-944.

Millsap, M., “Copyright Thicket Entangles House Re-regulation Effort,” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, Vol.50Issue12 (Mar92), p.720-721.

Mundy, Alicia, “Cloudy Skies For Cable,” Media Week, Vol.8Issue3 (Jan98), p.5.
Nabli, M. K. & Nugent, J. B., “The New Institutional Economics and its Applicability to Development,” World Development, No.17, pp. 1333-1347.

National Academy of Public Administration, Presidential Management of Rulemaking in Regulatory Agencies (Washington D.C.: National Academy of Public Administration, 1987).

Petrozzello, Donna & Rathbun, Elizabeth, “Radio’s Mega-Week,” Broadcasting & Cable, (11/Mar/96).

Rathbun, Elizabeth, “﹩8 Billion Bull Loose In Station Market,” Broadcasting & Cable, (Mar/96), pp.40-43.

Rathbun, Elizabeth, “The Recording of Radio,” Broadcasting & Cable, (1/Jul/96), p.6.

Petrozzello, Donna, “Radio’s Time Is Now,” Broadcasting & Cable, (17/Mar/97), p.60.

Porter, Vicent, “ The Re-regulation of Television: Pluralism, Constitutionality and the Free Market in the USA、West Germany、France and the UK,” Media、Culture and Society, No.11(1989), pp.5-27.

Paul Kagan Associates, Inc., “History of Cable and Pay-TV Subscribers and Revenues,” Cable TV Investor, (30/Jun/95).

Pytte, A., “Cable Re-Regulation Bill Heads Quietly to House Floor,” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, Vol.48Issue30 (July90), p.2407.

Read, William & Weoner Ronald Alan, “FCC Reform: Governing Requires a New Standard,” Federal Comunications Law Journal, Vo49No.2 (Apr97), pp.289-324.

Rice, Lynette, “Murdoch on in House Competitors: Get Used to It,” Broadcasting & Cable, (20/Jan/97), p.37.

Roman, Sixto, “FCC Chief Tells Panel to Wait on Ensuring Lowers Rates,” Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, Vol.51Issue39 (Oct93), p.2636.

Sabatier, Paul A., “An Advocacy Coalition Framework of Policy Change and the Role of Policy – Oriented Learning Therein,” Policy Science, Vol.5, No.21 (1988), pp. 129-168.

Schmitter, P. C., “Still the Century of Corporatism?” Review of Politics, No.36 (1974), pp.85-131.

Thierer, Adam D., “Why Cable TV Rate Regulation Failed,” Consumers’ Research Magazine, Vol.78Issue2 (Feb95), p.15.

Walker, J., “The Origin and Maintenance of Interest Groups in America,” American Political Science Review, No.77 (1983), pp.390-406.

West, Don, “Wright on Digital: Too Much Too Soon,” Broadcasting & Cable, (17/Mar/97), p.10.

“Cable TV Rates Again on the Rise,” Consumers’ Research Magazine, Vol.81Issue1 (Jan98), p.41.

“Freezing Your Cable Costs,” Consumer Reports, Vol.63Issue1 (Jan98), p.7.

“More Cable Regulation,” Consumer’s Research Magazine, Vol.77Issue4 (Apr94), p.6.

“Number of Cable TV System, 1975-2001,” World Almanac & Book of Facts, 2003, p.282.

“Ratings Score in Public Awareness, Understanding?” Broadcasting & Cable, (24/Feb/97), p.21.

“Smaller Bills For Cable Couch Potatoes,” U.S. News & World Report, Vol.109 Issue12 (Sep90), p.19.

“What’s Buried in the New Cable Legislation,” U.S. News & World Report, Vol.113 Issue15 (Oct92), p.18.

“Telecom Vote Signals Competitive Free-for-all,” Wall Street Journal, (2/Feb/1996), p.1A.

(三)政府出版品
Congressional Record s8389-90, (14/Jun/95).
Congressional Record H8471, (4/Agu/95).

Congressional Record H1168, (1/Feb/96).

Cabinet Committee on Cable Communication, Communication, Cable, Report to the President, (Washington D.C.: 1974).

Cannon, Robert, “The Legislative History of Senator Exon’s Communications Decency Act,” Federal Communication Law Journal, Vol.49 Issue1 (Nov96), pp.51-97.

Cliton, William, “Statement on Passage of Telecommunications Reform Act of 1995,” Presidential Documents,(1/Feb/96).

Cliton, William, “Remarks on Signing the Telecommunications Act of 1996,” Presidential Documents, (8/Feb/96).

Cliton, William, “Remarks to the National Information Infrastructure Advisory Council and an Exchange with Reporters,” Presidential Documents 13, (13/Feb9/6).

Federal Communications Commission, Cable Television Report and Order, (36 FCC, 2d 143, 1972).

Federal Communications Commission, Report on the Inquiry into the Economic relationship Between Television Broadcasting and Cable Television, (71 FCC, 2d 632, 1979).

Federal Communications Commission, Annual Report ‘96, (Washtington D.C.: FCC, 1997), appendix B Table B.

FCC 1995 Cable Communications Information Bulletin (Washington D.C.: FCC, 1995).

FCC, 1997 Public Notice (FCC 97-34) Commission Seeks Comment on Industry Proposal For Rating Video Programming (7/Feb/97).

U.S. Congress, House Committee on Commerce, Subcommittee on Communications: “Cable Television: Promise Versus Regulatory Performance,” Staff Report(Committee Print, Jan/76).
U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation: “Cable Telecommunications Act of 1983,” Report on S. 66, 98th Cong., 1st Sess.(27/Apr/83).

U.S. House of Representatives 1996 Communications Act of 1934 as Amended by the Telecommunications Act of 1996(Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1996), p.3.

FCC 1995 60th Annual Report (Washington D.C.: FCC).

FCC 1997 Annual Report ‘96(Washington D.C.: FCC).

“Hundt Outlines Seven Commandments for Telecom Competition,” FCC News, 6/Feb/1996, pp.1-2.

(四)報紙
Abrahms, Doug, “Failing to Answer the Call, Telecommunications Act Unable to Deliver,” The Washington Times, (5/Feb/98), p.B8.

Abrahms, Doug, “Business, Not Household, Seeing Benefits,” The Washington Times, (5/Feb/98), p.B8.

Bash, Alan, “Research Holds Clues to A Viable TV Ratings System,” USA Today, 20/Feb/1996, p.3D.

Bozell, Brent, “The Wrong Formula,” The Washington Times, (13/Dec/96), p.20.

Charen, Mona, “TV Ratings…With Low Ratings,” The Washington Times, (13/Dec/96), p.20.

Clinton, Bill, “Television Rating System, Excerpt From the Question-and-answer Portion of New Conference,” New York Times, (14/Dec/96), p.12.

Kaplan, Peter, “Law Lifts Restrictions, Triggers Raft of Deals, Rales Sell Radio Stations to Texas Firm,” The Washington Times, (27/Aug/96), p.B8.

Lynch, David, “Gore’s Goal: Computer Link in Every Home,” USA Today, 6/Feb/1996, p.B1.

Maney, Kevin, “The Hightech World According to Gore,” USA Today, 6/Feb/1997, p.B2.

Mills, Mike, “Ushering in a New Age in Communications,” Washington Post, 9/Feb/1996, p.cl.

Noam, Eli, “Cogress Sweeps It All under One Big Top,” Los Angeles Times, 14/Feb/1996, pp.A11-12.

Silver, Jube, “Telecom Reform: Just Another Act?” Los Angeles Times, 3/Feb/1997, pp.D1-D8.

“A Revolution at Your Fingertips,” Financial Times, 5/Feb/1996, p.13.

“A Victory for Viewers,” New York Times , 3/Feb/1996, p.13.

“Communication Law for Today,” Los Angeles Times, 5/Feb/1996, p.A10.

“Dial ‘C’ for Future Confusion,” Washington Times, 3/Feb/1996, p.A1.

“Open TV, Phone, Cable Markets,” USA Today, 2/Feb/1996, p.1A.

“The Door to Mergers, Law Likely to Spark Phone, Cable Deals,” Washington Post, 3/Feb/1996, p.H11.