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研究生：	江坤璘 Jiang, Kun-Lin
論文名稱：	鈷－和鎳－苯醌配位聚合物作為鋰離子電池之陰極材料 Cobalt- and Nickel-based Benzoquinoid Coordination Polymers as Cathode Materials for Lithium-ion Batteries
指導教授：	柯碧蓮 Watchareeya Kaveevivitchai
學位類別：	碩士 Master
系所名稱：	工學院 - 化學工程學系 Department of Chemical Engineering
論文出版年：	2021
畢業學年度：	109
語文別：	英文
論文頁數：	109
中文關鍵詞：	鋰離子電池、陰極、一維的配位聚合物、多電子轉移、大型儲能系統、具苯醌之有機電池材料
外文關鍵詞：	Lithium-ion batteries, Cathodes, One-dimensional coordination polymers, Multi-electron transfer, Large-scale energy storage systems, Organic electrodes
相關次數：	點閱：151 下載：0
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近年來鋰離子電池被廣泛應用在各類的電子設備上，因為它除了的優點可反應於高電壓之外，還有循環壽命高以及沒有記憶效應等等，這些都是鋰離子電池為什麼會成為最受重視的二次電池的原因。在陰極的部分，無機材料自從幾十年前首次開發裡離子電池以來就一直被使用，但是，目前的鋰離子電池的技術在實際應用中還存在一些無法克服的缺點和局限性，例如功率密度低、實際電容量和理論的電容量常常有很大的出入等等，所以有機的陰極材料便開始成為了研究的目標，但它們的主要缺點是有機的電極材料容易溶解在鋰離子電池常用的有機電解質中，利用聚合形成配位聚合物來降低溶解度是一種有前景的解決辦法。本文將以1,4-二氰基-2,3,5,6-四羥基苯(LH4)分別與鈷離子和鎳離子反應形成兩種新的一維的配位聚合物，[CoL(Py)2]n (CoPY) 和 [NiL(Py)2]n (NiPY) 來作為陰極材料。
在充放電過程中，在軸向位置與金屬配位的吡啶分子有助於通過π···π相互作用力來加強結構穩定性，同時這也可以增強材料的電子導電性。配體中的苯醌會進行兩個電子轉移的可逆反應，再加上金屬的部分也能夠和有機的骨架進行協同反應，將他用作為鋰離子電池的陰極材料，造就了出色的電容量。

在400 mA g-1 電流密度下的CoPY可得的初始電容量為193 mAh g-1，而 NiPY 可以在相同的速率下提供類似的初始電容量197 mAh g-1。儘管兩種化合物的初始電容量相差不遠，但在幾次通放電循環後，NiPY的電容量保持率明顯優於 CoPY。，這是因為 NiPY 是線性一維結構，而 CoPY 是非線性一維結構。，線性結構被發現在鋰離子嵌入和脫出的過程中表現得更加穩定，由於兩者結構中都存在擁有π…π相互作用力的吡啶，因此CoPY和NiPY都被發現具有優異的速率表現在 18000 mA g-1 的最高速率下分別提供 75 和 80 mAh g-1 的可逆電容量，這被認為是迄今為止報導過的利用配位聚合物作為鋰離子電池正極材料之中最佳電化學性能之一。

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been widely used in various electronic devices in recent years. In addition to their ability to provide high voltage, their good cycle life without memory effects are the reasons why LIBs have become the most valued secondary batteries. For cathodes, inorganic materials have been used since LIBs were first developed decades ago. However, there are still some shortcomings and limitations that the current LIB technologies cannot overcome in practical applications. For example, the power density is low and there is still a big difference between the actual capacities and the theoretical capacities. Therefore, organic cathode materials have begun to be the target of research, but theirs major drawback is the fact that organic-based electrodes easily dissolve in the organic electrolytes commonly used in LIBs. One promising strategy is polymerization to form a coordination polymer (CP) to reduce the solubility. In this thesis, a promising redox-active ligand, 1,4-dicyano-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroxybenzene (LH4 or L), is used to react with cobalt and nickel ions to form two new one-dimensional CPs, [CoL(Py)2]n (CoPY) and [NiL(Py)2]n (NiPY), which have been used as cathode materials.
During the process of charge and discharge, the pyridine (Py) molecules coordinated to the metals in the axial positions help strengthen the structures by π···π interactions, which can also enhance the electronic conductivity of the materials. The organic ligand L can undergo a reversible redox reaction with two electron transfer. The metal part can also work synergistically with the organic part, enabling these CPs to deliver excellent specific capacities.
CoPY can give an initial capacity of 193 mAh g-1 at 400 mA g-1, while NiPY can deliver a similar initial capacity of 197 mAh g-1 at the same rate. Even though the initial capacities of the two compounds are not far apart, the capacity retention of NiPY is significantly better than that of CoPY after a few cycles. This is because NiPY is a linear one-dimensional structure, while CoPY is a non-linear one-dimensional structure. The linear structure is found to be more stable during the process of inserting and extracting lithium ions. Due to the presence of Py in the structure with π···π interactions, both CoPY and NiPY are found to have excellent rate performance, delivering a reversible capacity of 75 and 80 mAh g-1, respectively, at the highest rate of 18000 mA g-1, which is considered to be one of the best electrochemical performance ever reported for CP-based cathode materials for LIBs.

摘要	i
Abstract	iii
Acknowledgments	v
Table of Contents	vi
Lists of Figures	xi
List of Tables	xvii
Chapter 1  Introduction	1
1  General Background	1
1.1.  Definitions	1
1.2  Battery Design	3
2  Inorganic vs. Organic Electrode Materials for Practical Rechargeable Batteries	5
3  Coordination Polymers vs. Metal-Organic Frameworks	9
4  Intercalation	11
5  High-rate Performance in LIBs	14
6  Literature Review of MOFs / CPs as Electrode Materials for LIBs	17
Chapter 2  Electrochemical Properties of a Zig-zag Cobalt-benzoquinoid Coordination Polymer [CoL(Py)2]n as Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries	24
1  Motivation and Purpose	24
2  General Methods	25
2.1  Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)	25
2.2  Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD)	25
2.3  Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)	26
2.4  X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)	26
2.5  Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)	26
2.6  X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS)	27
3  Experimental Section	27
3.1  Materials	27
3.2  Materials Preparation	28
3.3  Preparation of CoPY Electrodes	28
3.4  Assembly of Half Cells	29
3.5  Electrochemical Measurements	29
4  Results and Discussion	30
4.1  Structure of Coordination Polymer CoPY	30
4.2  Materials Characterization	32
5  Electrochemical Investigation	35
5.1  Dissolution Test	35
5.2  Calculation of Theoretical capacity	36
5.3  Mechanistic Investigation	37
5.4  Selection of Substrates	39
5.5  Battery Performance	40
6  Ex-situ Measurements	46
6.1  Ex-situ Electrodes Preparation	46
6.2  Ex-situ FT-IR Measurements	47
6.3  Ex-situ PXRD Measurements	48
6.4  Ex-situ XPS Measurements	50
6.5  Ex-situ XAS Measurements	55
Chapter 3  Electrochemical Properties of a Linear Nickel-benzoquinoid Coordination Polymer [NiL(Py)2]n as Cathode for Lithium-Ion Batteries	57
1  Motivation and Purpose	57
2  General Methods	58
2.1  Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR)	58
2.2  Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD)	58
2.3  Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)	58
2.4  X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)	59
2.5  Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)	59
2.6  Elemental analysis (EA)	59
2.7  Single Crystal X-Ray Diffractometer (SXRD)	59
3  Experimental Section	60
3.1  Materials	60
3.2  Materials Preparation	60
3.3  Preparation of NiPY Electrodes	61
3.4  Assembly of Half Cells	61
3.5  Electrochemical Measurements	62
4  Crystal growth conditions	62
4.1  Materials Characterization	64
4.2 Structure of Coordination Polymer NiPY	67
5  Electrochemical Investigation	70
5.1  Dissolution Test	70
5.2  Mechanistic Investigation	71
5.3  Selection of Substrates	73
5.4  Battery Performance	74
6  Ex-situ Measurements	79
6.1 Ex-situ Electrodes Preparation	80
6.2 Ex-situ FT-IR Measurement	80
6.3 Ex-situ PXRD Measurement	81
6.4 Ex-situ XPS Measurement	83
Chapter 4  Performance Comparison	88
Chapter 5  Conclusion	96
Chapter 6  References	98
                                    

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