簡易檢索 / 詳目顯示

研究生: 朱啟賢
Chu, Che-hsien
論文名稱: 探討在Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition過程中凝血酶調節素被抑制之機轉
The Mechanism of Thrombomodulin Downregulation in Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
指導教授: 吳華林
Wu, Hua-Lin
學位類別: 碩士
Master
系所名稱: 醫學院 - 醫學檢驗生物技術學系
Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology
論文出版年: 2007
畢業學年度: 95
語文別: 英文
論文頁數: 64
中文關鍵詞: 凝血酶調節素
外文關鍵詞: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition
相關次數: 點閱:96下載:0
分享至:
查詢本校圖書館目錄 查詢臺灣博碩士論文知識加值系統 勘誤回報
  • 凝血酶調節素 (thrombomodulin) 為存在於血管內皮細胞表面的醣蛋白,可當作凝血酶的 (thrombin) 受體而抑制其促使血液凝集的功能。凝血酶調節素-凝血酶複合體 (TM-thrombin complex) 會進而活化protein C而促進抗凝血作用的發生。根據我們先前的研究發現,TM或許不只能調節凝血酶的促凝作用,同時在細胞與細胞之間的黏附作用(cell-cell adhesion)也扮演了相當重要的角色。另外有研究指出在組織切片的結果也發現,癌症組織的TM含量比周圍的正常組織要來的低。這樣的結果與EMT(epithelial-mesenchymal transition)過程中,許多黏附蛋白,如E-cadherin等的表現被抑制是相類似的。EMT是指在許多生理作用,如胚胎發育以及癌症發展過程中,細胞失去上皮細胞型態(epithelial phenotype)的現象。此外在近年來的文獻指出Snail蛋白可以藉由扮演轉錄抑制因子的主要角色來促進EMT的發生,因此Snail蛋白被認為在EMT中扮演最重要的角色。在本研究中,利用具有高度內生性TM表現的角皮層細胞HaCaT來探討在一些生長因子EGF和TGF-1刺激模仿EMT現象的細胞模式下,以研究TM在EMT的過程是否具有另一新的重要角色。當我們利用EGF和TGF-1刺激模倣EMT現象時,我們發現不僅細胞外型有明顯的變化,還包含MMP-9、Snail表現量上升以及Snail入核,cadherin 蛋白的轉換,以及細胞骨架蛋白actin的重新分布。令人驚訝的是當EMT發生時,TM 的表現量也明顯的下降。當我們使用proteosome、lysosome以及MMPs 的抑制劑時,並不能使TM的表現量回覆。此外我們利用軟體分析,發現在TM 的基因上存在著Snail的目標結合序列。我們推測TM在EMT中表現被抑制可能和Snail相關。因此我們建立大量表現Snail蛋白的HaCaT 細胞株。我們很驚訝的發現當Snail大量表現時,Snail會分布在細胞核以及細胞核周圍的細胞質中,並且伴隨TM的表現量下降,以及E-cadherin的重新分布和MMP-9的活性上升。因此我們認為TM在EMT中被抑制的現象似乎是透過Snail蛋白的調控所導致。

    Thrombomodulin (TM), an anti-coagulation factor on the plasma membrane of endothelial cells, inhibits the procoagulant functions of thrombin and also acts as a protein cofactor in thrombin-catalyzed activation of protein C. In previous studies, we proposed that TM not only acts as an anti-coagulation factor modulating thrombin’s functions, but also plays an important role in cell-cell adhesion. In addition, it has been indicated that TM is negatively expressed at the primary tumor loci after tumor metastasis, which was similar to the E-cadherin expression in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT is defined by the cell’s morphological change, loss of epithelial markers, and gain of mesenchymal markers involved in the transition. It has been proven that the Snail family, a family of transcription factors, suppresses E-cadherin expression in the EMT of Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) cells. In our study, HaCaT, a human keratinocyte cell line which expresses endogenous TM, was utilized as a model system to investigate the participation of TM in cell-cell contact during the EMT process. The results demonstrated that the mRNA levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and Snail used as mesenchymal markers were upregulated in HaCaT cells when treated with transforming growth factor-1 (TGF-1) and epidermal growth factor (EGF), both of which are well known scatter factors. Surprisingly TM was found to be downregulated while cadherin switching and F-actin redistribution were also observed. It was observed that TM downregulation in EMT was independent of proteosome, lysosome and MMP inhibitors.  A putative Snail binding site was identified on the promoter of TM. We further established stable clones of HaCaT cells with Snail overexpression. Furthermore, the activities of E-cadherin redistribution, TM downregulation, as well as MMP-9 upregulation were also detected in the Snail overexpressing stable clones. It was hypothesized that the downregulation of TM in the EMT process might occur as a response to Snail expression.

    I Chinese  Abstract                        1 II Abstract                            3 III Acknowledgments                        5 IV Content Table                          6 V Introduction                          10 A Thrombomodulin (TM)                     10 B EMT                             11 VI Specific Aims                         13 VII Materials and Methods                    14 1 Culture and subculture of HaCaT Cells            14 2 Cryopreservation of cultured cells                15 3 Retrieval of cells from frozen storage             15 4 Agarose Gel Electrophoresis                  15 5 SDS-PAGE (Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis)                          17 6 Western Blotting                        18 7 Plasmid DNA Extraction (QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit      20 8 Snail-pCDNA3.1 Transfection into HaCaT Cells          21 9 Immunofluorescent staining                    22 10 RNA Extraction and RT-PCR                  23    11 Gelatin zymography assay                    25 VIII Results                            27 1 TGF and EGF induced Epithelial-mesenchymal transition in HaCaT cell.                               27 2 EGF and TGF upregulated the mesenchymal marker, MMP-9, in HaCaT cells.                            27 3 EGF and TGF modulated cadherin switching in HaCaT cells. 27 4 TM was downregulated in EMT process.            28 5 Redistribution of E-cadherin and F-actin in EMT.        29 6 TM was downregulated in EMT independent of proteosome, lysosome and MMP inhibitors.                   29 7 Snail was upregulated and redistributed in EMT.         30 8 Over-expressed Snail downregulated TM expression and the translocation of Snail into nucleus in HaCaT cells.         30 9 TM was downregulated in accompany with E-cadherin rearrangement in Snail overexpressed HaCaT cells.                30 10 MMP-9 was upregulated in Snail over-expressed HaCaT cells. 31 IX Discussion                           32 X References                           35 XI Figures and Legends                      40 1 EGF and TGF mediated EMT in HaCaT cells.        40 2 MMP-9 was upregulated in EMT in HaCaT cells.       41 3 EGF and TGF triggered cadherin switching in EMT process. 42 4 TM was downregulated in EMT process.            43 5 E-cadherin and F-actin were redistributed in EMT.       44 6 TM donwregulation in EMT was independent of proteosome  inhibitors.                              45 7 TM donwregulation in EMT was independent of lysosome and MMPs inhibitors.                          46 8 Snail was upregulated and redistributed in EMT.         47 9 TM was downregulated in Snail overexpressed HaCaT cells.   48 10 Snail was upregulated and translocated into nucleus in Snail overexpressed HaCaT cells.                     49 11 TM was downregulated in Snail overexpressed HaCaT cells.  50 12 TM was downregulated and followed by E-cadherin rearrangement in Snail overexpressed HaCaT cells.                 51 13 Analysis of MMP-9 expression in normal and Snail over-expressed HaCaT cells.                            52 XIII Reagents, Drugs and Chemicals                53 XIV Instruments                          58 XV Abbreviations                         60 XVI Appendixes                          62 1 The structure of Thrombomodulin (TM)             62 2 Putative Snail binding site was found on TM promoter.    63 XVII Resume                           64

    1. Bussemakers MJ, Van Bokhoven A, Tomita K, Jansen CF, and Schalken JA. Complex cadherin expression in human prostate cancer cells. Int J Cancer 85: 446-450, 2000.
    2. Cano A, Perez-Moreno MA, Rodrigo I, Locascio A, Blanco MJ, del Barrio MG, Portillo F, and Nieto MA. The transcription factor snail controls epithelial-mesenchymal transitions by repressing E-cadherin expression. Nat Cell Biol 2: 76-83, 2000.
    3. Chaffer CL, Brennan JP, Slavin JL, Blick T, Thompson EW, and Williams ED. Mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition facilitates bladder cancer metastasis: role of fibroblast growth factor receptor-2. Cancer research 66: 11271-11278, 2006.
    4. Chambers AF and Matrisian LM. Changing views of the role of matrix metalloproteinases in metastasis. J Natl Cancer Inst 89: 1260-1270, 1997.
    5. Comijn J, Berx G, Vermassen P, Verschueren K, van Grunsven L, Bruyneel E, Mareel M, Huylebroeck D, and van Roy F. The two-handed E box binding zinc finger protein SIP1 downregulates E-cadherin and induces invasion. Molecular cell 7: 1267-1278, 2001.
    6. Curran S and Murray GI. Matrix metalloproteinases in tumour invasion and metastasis. J Pathol 189: 300-308, 1999.
    7. Davies M, Robinson M, Smith E, Huntley S, Prime S, and Paterson I. Induction of an epithelial to mesenchymal transition in human immortal and malignant keratinocytes by TGF-beta1 involves MAPK, Smad and AP-1 signalling pathways. J Cell Biochem 95: 918-931, 2005.
    8. Debnath J and Brugge JS. Modelling glandular epithelial cancers in three-dimensional cultures. Nature reviews 5: 675-688, 2005.
    9. Esmon CT. Thrombomodulin as a model of molecular mechanisms that modulate protease specificity and function at the vessel surface. Faseb J 9: 946-955, 1995.
    10. Esmon CT, Esmon NL, and Harris KW. Complex formation between thrombin and thrombomodulin inhibits both thrombin-catalyzed fibrin formation and factor V activation. J Biol Chem 257: 7944-7947, 1982.
    11. Guaita S, Puig I, Franci C, Garrido M, Dominguez D, Batlle E, Sancho E, Dedhar S, De Herreros AG, and Baulida J. Snail induction of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in tumor cells is accompanied by MUC1 repression and ZEB1 expression. The Journal of biological chemistry 277: 39209-39216, 2002.
    12. Gumbiner BM. Regulation of cadherin-mediated adhesion in morphogenesis. Nature reviews 6: 622-634, 2005.
    13. Hajra KM and Fearon ER. Cadherin and catenin alterations in human cancer. Genes, chromosomes & cancer 34: 255-268, 2002.
    14. Hay ED. An overview of epithelio-mesenchymal transformation. Acta Anat (Basel) 154: 8-20, 1995.
    15. Huang HC, Shi GY, Jiang SJ, Shi CS, Wu CM, Yang HY, and Wu HL. Thrombomodulin-mediated cell adhesion: involvement of its lectin-like domain. J Biol Chem 278: 46750-46759, 2003.
    16. Ikenouchi J, Matsuda M, Furuse M, and Tsukita S. Regulation of tight junctions during the epithelium-mesenchyme transition: direct repression of the gene expression of claudins/occludin by Snail. Journal of cell science 116: 1959-1967, 2003.
    17. Islam S, Carey TE, Wolf GT, Wheelock MJ, and Johnson KR. Expression of N-cadherin by human squamous carcinoma cells induces a scattered fibroblastic phenotype with disrupted cell-cell adhesion. The Journal of cell biology 135: 1643-1654, 1996.
    18. Jaggi M, Nazemi T, Abrahams NA, Baker JJ, Galich A, Smith LM, and Balaji KC. N-cadherin switching occurs in high Gleason grade prostate cancer. Prostate 66: 193-199, 2006.
    19. Jorda M, Olmeda D, Vinyals A, Valero E, Cubillo E, Llorens A, Cano A, and Fabra A. Upregulation of MMP-9 in MDCK epithelial cell line in response to expression of the Snail transcription factor. Journal of cell science 118: 3371-3385, 2005.
    20. Lager DJ, Callaghan EJ, Worth SF, Raife TJ, and Lentz SR. Cellular localization of thrombomodulin in human epithelium and squamous malignancies. The American journal of pathology 146: 933-943, 1995.
    21. Lee JM, Dedhar S, Kalluri R, and Thompson EW. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition: new insights in signaling, development, and disease. The Journal of cell biology 172: 973-981, 2006.
    22. Martinez-Estrada OM, Culleres A, Soriano FX, Peinado H, Bolos V, Martinez FO, Reina M, Cano A, Fabre M, and Vilaro S. The transcription factors Slug and Snail act as repressors of Claudin-1 expression in epithelial cells. The Biochemical journal 394: 449-457, 2006.
    23. Matsumoto M, Natsugoe S, Nakashima S, Shimada M, Nakano S, Kusano C, Baba M, Takao S, Matsushita Y, and Aikou T. Biological evaluation of undifferentiated carcinoma of the esophagus. Ann Surg Oncol 7: 204-209, 2000.
    24. Matsushita Y, Yoshiie K, Imamura Y, Ogawa H, Imamura H, Takao S, Yonezawa S, Aikou T, Maruyama I, and Sato E. A subcloned human esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cell line with low thrombomodulin expression showed increased invasiveness compared with a high thrombomodulin-expressing clone--thrombomodulin as a possible candidate for an adhesion molecule of squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer letters 127: 195-201, 1998.
    25. Medici D, Hay ED, and Goodenough DA. Cooperation between snail and LEF-1 transcription factors is essential for TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Molecular biology of the cell 17: 1871-1879, 2006.
    26. Miettinen PJ, Ebner R, Lopez AR, and Derynck R. TGF-beta induced transdifferentiation of mammary epithelial cells to mesenchymal cells: involvement of type I receptors. The Journal of cell biology 127: 2021-2036, 1994.
    27. Miyoshi A, Kitajima Y, Sumi K, Sato K, Hagiwara A, Koga Y, and Miyazaki K. Snail and SIP1 increase cancer invasion by upregulating MMP family in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. British journal of cancer 90: 1265-1273, 2004.
    28. Nawrocki-Raby B, Gilles C, Polette M, Martinella-Catusse C, Bonnet N, Puchelle E, Foidart JM, Van Roy F, and Birembaut P. E-Cadherin mediates MMP down-regulation in highly invasive bronchial tumor cells. The American journal of pathology 163: 653-661, 2003.
    29. Nawshad A, Lagamba D, Polad A, and Hay ED. Transforming growth factor-beta signaling during epithelial-mesenchymal transformation: implications for embryogenesis and tumor metastasis. Cells Tissues Organs 179: 11-23, 2005.
    30. Nieto MA. The snail superfamily of zinc-finger transcription factors. Nature reviews 3: 155-166, 2002.
    31. Ogawa H, Yonezawa S, Maruyama I, Matsushita Y, Tezuka Y, Toyoyama H, Yanagi M, Matsumoto H, Nishijima H, Shimotakahara T, Aikou T, and Sato E. Expression of thrombomodulin in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung: its relationship to lymph node metastasis and prognosis of the patients. Cancer letters 149: 95-103, 2000.
    32. Ohkubo T and Ozawa M. The transcription factor Snail downregulates the tight junction components independently of E-cadherin downregulation. Journal of cell science 117: 1675-1685, 2004.
    33. Peinado H, Portillo F, and Cano A. Transcriptional regulation of cadherins during development and carcinogenesis. The International journal of developmental biology 48: 365-375, 2004.
    34. Peinado H, Quintanilla M, and Cano A. Transforming growth factor beta-1 induces snail transcription factor in epithelial cell lines: mechanisms for epithelial mesenchymal transitions. J Biol Chem 278: 21113-21123, 2003.
    35. Petersen TE. The amino-terminal domain of thrombomodulin and pancreatic stone protein are homologous with lectins. FEBS letters 231: 51-53, 1988.
    36. Raife TJ, Lager DJ, Madison KC, Piette WW, Howard EJ, Sturm MT, Chen Y, and Lentz SR. Thrombomodulin expression by human keratinocytes. Induction of cofactor activity during epidermal differentiation. The Journal of clinical investigation 93: 1846-1851, 1994.
    37. Shibata T, Ochiai A, Gotoh M, Machinami R, and Hirohashi S. Simultaneous expression of cadherin-11 in signet-ring cell carcinoma and stromal cells of diffuse-type gastric cancer. Cancer Lett 99: 147-153, 1996.
    38. Suehiro T, Shimada M, Matsumata T, Taketomi A, Yamamoto K, and Sugimachi K. Thrombomodulin inhibits intrahepatic spread in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md 21: 1285-1290, 1995.
    39. Suzuki K, Kusumoto H, Deyashiki Y, Nishioka J, Maruyama I, Zushi M, Kawahara S, Honda G, Yamamoto S, and Horiguchi S. Structure and expression of human thrombomodulin, a thrombin receptor on endothelium acting as a cofactor for protein C activation. Embo J 6: 1891-1897, 1987.
    40. Tabata M, Sugihara K, Yonezawa S, Yamashita S, and Maruyama I. An immunohistochemical study of thrombomodulin in oral squamous cell carcinoma and its association with invasive and metastatic potential. J Oral Pathol Med 26: 258-264, 1997.
    41. Tezuka Y, Yonezawa S, Maruyama I, Matsushita Y, Shimizu T, Obama H, Sagara M, Shirao K, Kusano C, Natsugoe S, and et al. Expression of thrombomodulin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its relationship to lymph node metastasis. Cancer research 55: 4196-4200, 1995.
    42. Thiery JP. Epithelial-mesenchymal transitions in tumour progression. Nature reviews 2: 442-454, 2002.
    43. Vega S, Morales AV, Ocana OH, Valdes F, Fabregat I, and Nieto MA. Snail blocks the cell cycle and confers resistance to cell death. Genes Dev 18: 1131-1143, 2004.
    44. Vincan E, Brabletz T, Faux MC, and Ramsay RG. A human three-dimensional cell line model allows the study of dynamic and reversible epithelial-mesenchymal and mesenchymal-epithelial transition that underpins colorectal carcinogenesis. Cells, tissues, organs 185: 20-28, 2007.
    45. Yang J, Mani SA, Donaher JL, Ramaswamy S, Itzykson RA, Come C, Savagner P, Gitelman I, Richardson A, and Weinberg RA. Twist, a master regulator of morphogenesis, plays an essential role in tumor metastasis. Cell 117: 927-939, 2004.
    46. Yokoyama K, Kamata N, Fujimoto R, Tsutsumi S, Tomonari M, Taki M, Hosokawa H, and Nagayama M. Increased invasion and matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression by Snail-induced mesenchymal transition in squamous cell carcinomas. International journal of oncology 22: 891-898, 2003.
    47. Zavadil J, Bitzer M, Liang D, Yang YC, Massimi A, Kneitz S, Piek E, and Bottinger EP. Genetic programs of epithelial cell plasticity directed by transforming growth factor-beta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98: 6686-6691, 2001.
    48. Zavadil J and Bottinger EP. TGF-beta and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions. Oncogene 24: 5764-5774, 2005.
    49. Zeisberg M, Hanai J, Sugimoto H, Mammoto T, Charytan D, Strutz F, and Kalluri R. BMP-7 counteracts TGF-beta1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and reverses chronic renal injury. Nat Med 9: 964-968, 2003.
    50. Zeisberg M and Kalluri R. The role of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in renal fibrosis. J Mol Med 82: 175-181, 2004.
    51. Zhang Y, Weiler-Guettler H, Chen J, Wilhelm O, Deng Y, Qiu F, Nakagawa K, Klevesath M, Wilhelm S, Bohrer H, Nakagawa M, Graeff H, Martin E, Stern DM, Rosenberg RD, Ziegler R, and Nawroth PP. Thrombomodulin modulates growth of tumor cells independent of its anticoagulant activity. The Journal of clinical investigation 101: 1301-1309, 1998.

    無法下載圖示 校內:2106-07-27公開
    校外:2106-07-27公開
    電子論文尚未授權公開,紙本請查館藏目錄
    QR CODE