在歷史上，「音樂之父」巴哈（Johann Sebastian Bach, 1685-1750）對音樂的發展有著無比的影響力。如此一位重要的人物，其所身處的成長與工作環境，以及他的音樂理念為何、如何形塑與如何展現，是本文欲探討之課題。透過檢視巴哈的成長歷程，可發現他身處的宗教與藝術文化環境對其音樂理念的形塑有深刻的影響。巴哈成長於圖林根地區，此地信仰路德教派，路德對宗教與音樂的看法深刻影響了巴哈，同時他也承繼了路德的藝術性宗教音樂理念。除了宗教，十七世紀後半巴洛克音樂在德意志地區的引入塑造了當時的藝術文化環境。在法王路易十四（Louis XIV）的影響下，發源於天主教反宗教改革運動的巴洛克藝術也因此傳入了德意志的新教地區。當巴哈於呂勒堡（Lüneburg）、呂北克（Lübeck）、威瑪（Weimar）與科登（Köthen）等地求學與工作時，他深刻地受到巴洛克音樂的影響，並一生皆秉持以巴洛克音樂技法與風格進行演出與創作的理念。在宗教與藝術文環境的影響下，巴哈形塑出上述兩個音樂理念，並持續在往後人生中展現與堅持。
在巴哈的一生中，有很長的時間擔任城鎮音樂工作的職務。然而，城鎮音樂工作的經濟模式與受聘性質不僅曾令巴哈面臨家計的問題，也限制其音樂理念的展現。他在阿恩施塔特（Arnstadt）、穆爾豪森（Mühlhausen）與萊比錫（Leipzig）任職時，皆因城鎮音樂工作的特殊性而遭遇到不同的困境。然而，巴哈在這樣的情況下仍持續展現其音樂理念，他大量的創作，並將自己的想法寫入這些音樂作品之中，使這些作品不僅為巴洛克音樂的經典，也能看到他對自身音樂理念的堅持，是巴哈留給世人最珍貴的寶藏。

This thesis discusses the upbringing and working environment of Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750) and how his ideas of music were shaped and presented. Through the combination of historical and musical researches, this thesis wishes to investigate the background of Bach for religion, art, and work. It was more important about Bach’s environment of religion especially the thought of Martin Luther. The baroque music also impacted on Bach’s ideas of music. At last, the working environment as a township musician that Bach experienced had a great influence on the presentation of his ideas. After studying these various backgrounds of his life, people could understand better Bach’s ideas of music and his presentation of and insistence on his ideas when he faced the hardship of his life.

一、檔案
David, Hans T. and Mendel, Arthur (ed.), Christoph Wolff (Revised), The New Bach Reader: a life of Johann Sebastian Bach in letters and documents, New York, W. W. Norton, 1998.
Neumann, Werner and Schulze, Hans-Joachim (ed.), Bach-Dokumente I: Schriftstücke von der Hand Johann Sebastian Bachs, Kassel, Bärenreiter, 1963.
Neumann, Werner and Schulze, Hans-Joachim (ed.), Bach-Dokumente II: Fremdschriftliche und gedruckte Dokumente zur Lebensgeschichte Johann Sebastian Bachs, 1685-1750, Kassel, Bärenreiter, 1969.
二、傳記
Forkel, Johann Nikolaus, Über Johann Sebastian Bachs Leben, Kunst und Kunstwerke, Basel, Haldimann, 1900.
Forkel, Johann Nikolaus, Über Johann Sebastian Bachs Leben, Kunst und Kunstwerke, Terry Charles Sanford (trans.), Johann Sebastian Bach: His Life, Art and Work, London, Constable and Company LTD, 1920.
Schweitzer, Albert, J. S. Bach, Ernst Newman (trans.), J. S. Bach Vol. I, New York, Macmillan, 1955.
Schweitzer, Albert, J. S. Bach, Ernst Newman (trans.), J. S. Bach Vol. II, New York, Dover, 1966.
Spitta, Philipp, Johann Sebastian Bach, Clara Bell and J. A. Fuller-Maitland (trans.), Johann Sebastian Bach: His Work and Influence on the Music of Germany, 1685-1750 Vol. I-III, London, Novello, 1899.
三、辭典
Grove, George and Stanley, Sadie (ed.). The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, London, Macmillan, 1980.
Ulrich Michels著，劉岠渭、楊建章、江玉玲、王美珠、徐玫玲、盧文雅、金立群譯，《音樂圖驥》，臺北，小雅音樂有限公司，2006。
四、中文專著
黃于純，《馬丁路德的宗教音樂及其在臺灣的應用 － 以臺北市士林區為例》，臺北，東吳大學音樂系，2005。
駱正榮著，《巴赫《復格藝術》之研究》，臺北，全音，1988。
謝芳菊，《腓特烈大帝對音樂文化的貢獻》，高雄，中山大學音樂學系，2005。
五、翻譯著作
彼得‧柏克（Peter Burke）著，許绶南譯，《製作路易十四》，臺北，麥田，1997。
Robert Finlay, The Pilgrim Art: Cultures of Porcelain in World History，鄭明萱譯，《青花瓷的故事》，臺北，貓頭鷹，2011。
E. H. Gombrich著，雨云譯，《藝術的故事》，臺北，聯經，2005。
谷勒本（Lars P. Qualben）著，李少蘭譯，《教會歷史》，香港，道聲，1986。
六、外文專著
Adam, Wolfgang und Westphal, Siegrid (ed.), Handbuch kultureller Zentren der Frühen Neuzeit: Städte und Residenzen im alten deutschen Sprachraum, Berlin, De Gruyter, 2012.
Anderson, Nicholas, Baroque Music: From Monteverdi to Handel, New York, Thames and Hundson, 1994.
Applegate, Celia, Bach in Berlin: Nation and Culture in Mendelssohn’s Revival of the St. Matthew Passion, New York, Cornell, 2005.
Baron, Carol K. (ed.), Bach’s Changing Wolrd, New York, Rochester, 2006.
Berger, Karol, Bach’s Cycle, Mozart’s Arrow, Los Angeles, University of California, 2007.
Blume, Friedrich, Protestant Church Music: A History, New York, W. W. Norton, 1974.
Burney, Charles, The Present State of Music in Germany, the Netherlands, and United Provinces, London, T. Becket and Co., 1773.
Butt, John (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Bach, New York, Cambridge, 1997.
Chiapusso, Jan, Bach’s World, Bloomington, Indiana University, 1980.
Clostermann, Annemarie and Brusniak, Friedhelm (ed.), Französische Einflüsse auf deutsche Musiker im 18. Jahrhundert, Köln, Studio, 1995.
Duindam, Jeroen, Vienna and Versailles: The Courts of Europe’s Dynastic Rivals, 1550-1780, New York, Cambridge, 2003.
Dürr, Alfred, Johann Sebastian Bach: Die Kantaten, Kassel, Bärenreiter, 2013.
Eidam, Klaus, Das wahre Leben des Johann Sebastian Bach, Hoyt Rogers (trans.), The True Life of Johann Sebastian Bach, New York, Basic Book, 2001.
Erickson, Raymond (ed.), The Worlds of Johann Sebastian Bach, New York, Amadeus, 2009.
Ermisch, Hubert (ed.), Neues Archiv für Sächsische Geschichte und Altertumskunde, Dresden, Wilhem Baensch, 1908.
Fock, Gustav, Der junge Bach in Lüneburg: 1700 bis 1702, Hamburg, Merseburger, 1950.
Forchert, Arno, Johann Sebastian Bach und Seine Zeit, Laaber, Laaber, 2000.
Frandsen, Mary E., Crossing Confessional Boundaries: The Patronage of Italian Sacred Music in Seventeenth-Century Dresden, New York, Oxford, 2006.
Gaines, James, Evening in the Palace of Reason: Bach meets Frederick the Great in the Age of Enlightenment, London, Happer Perennial, 2005.
Geck, Martin, Johann Sebastian Bach: Leben und Werk, Johan Hargraves (trans.), Johann Sebastian Bach: Life and Work, Orlando: Harcourt, 2006.
Geiringer, Irene, Johann Sebastian Bach: The Culmination of an Era, New York, Oxford, 1966.
Hailey, Christopher (ed.), Alban Berg and his World, New Jersey, Princeton, 2010.
Heartz, Daniel, Music in European capitals: the galant style, 1720-1780, New York, W. W. Norton, 2003.
Heyer John Hajdu (ed.), Jean-Baptiste Lully and the Music of the French Baroque, New York, Cambridge, 1989.
Leopold, Ulrich S. (ed.), Luther’s Works Vol. 53: Liturgy and Hymns, Minnesota, Fortress, 1965.
Lewis, Anthony and Fortune, Nigel (ed.), Opera and Church Music 1630-1750, London, Oxford University Press, 1975.
Lühr, Hans-Peter (ed.), Johann Georg II. und sein Hof Sachsen nach dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg, Dresden, Dresdner Geschichtsverein, 1993.
Kevorkian, Tanya, Baroque Piety: Religion, Society, and Music in Leipzig, 1650-1750, Aldershot, Ashgate, 2007.
Kolneder, Walter, Die Kunst der Fuge: Mythen des 20. Jahrhundert Teil III: Spezialuntersuchungen, Wilhemlshaven, Heinrichshofen, 1977.
Kroll, Frank-Lothar, Die Herrscher Sachsens: Markgrafen, Kurfürsten, Könige 1089-1918, München, C. H. Beck, 2004.
Petrick, Romy, Dresden bürgerliches Musik- und Theaterleben im 18 Jahrhundert, Marburg, Tectum, 2011.
Ottenberg, Hans-Günter, Philip J. Whitmore (ed.) ,C. P. E. Bach, New York, Oxford, 1987.
Ratner, Leonard G., Classic Music: Expression, Form, and Style, New York, Schirmer, 1980.
Reilly, Edward R., Quantz and his Versuch, New York, American Musicological Society, 1971.
Rose, Stephen, The Musician in Literature in the Age of Bach, New York, Cambridge, 2011.
Sadie, Julie Anne (ed.), Companion to Baroque Music, New York, Schirmer, 1990.
Sadie, Stanley (ed.), History of Opera, New York, W. W. Norton, 1989.
Salmen, Walter, Musikleben im sechzehnten Jahrhundert, Leipzig, VEB Deutscher Verlag für Musik,1983.
Salmen, Walter, Der Tanzmeister: Geschichte und Profile eines Berufes vom 14. Bis zum 19. Jahrhundert, Hildesheim, Georg Olms Verlag, 1997.
Salmen, Walter, Zu Tisch bei Johann Sebastian Bach: Einnehmen und "Consumtionen" einer Musikerfamilie, Hildesheim, Georg Olms Verlag, 2013.
Schulenberg, David, Music of the Baroque, New York, Oxford, 2008.
Scribner, Bob (ed.), Germany: A New Social and Economic History Vol. 1 1450-1630, London, Arnold, 1996.
Smend, Friedrich, Bach in Köthen, John Page (trans.), Stephen Daw (ed.), Bach in Köthen, St. Louis, Concordia, 1985.
Snyder, Kerala J., Dieterich Buxtehude: Organist in Lübeck, New York, Rochester, 2007.
Sterburg, Wilhelm von, Die Geschichte der Deutschen, Frankfurt am Main, Campus, 2005.
Stiller, Günther, Johann Sebastian Bach und das Leipziger gottesdienstliche Leben seiner Zeit, Hebert J. A. Bouman, Daniel F. Poellot and Hilton C. Oswald (trans.), Johann Sebastian Bach and Liturgical Life in Leipzig, St. Louis, Concordia, 1984.
Taruskin, Richard, The Oxford History of Western Music, New York, Oxford, 2005.
Tomita, Yo (ed.), Bach, Farnham, Ashgate, 2011.
Walker, Mack, German Home Towns: Community, State, and General Estate 1648-1871, London, Cornell University Press, 1971.
Weise, Wisso and Kobayashi, Yoshitake, Katalog der Wasserzeichen in Bachs Originalhandschriften-Textband, Leipzig, VEB, 1985.
Wolff, Christoph, Bach: Essays on his Life and Music, New York: Harvard, 1991.
Wolff, Christoph, Johann Sebastian Bach: The Learned Musician, New York, W. W. Norton, 2001.
Wölfflin, Heinrich, Renaissance und Barock: eine Untersuchung über Wesen und Entstehung des Barockstils in Italien, München, Theodor Ackermann, 1888.
Wustmann, Gustav, Aus Leipzigs Vergangenheit, Band 1, Leipzig, Fr. Wilh. Grunow, 1885.
Vogt, Hans, Johann Sebastian Bach's Chamber Music: Background, Analyses, Individual Works, Portland, Amadeus, 1988
Yorke-Long, Alan, Music at Court for Eighteenth Century Studies, London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1954.
Young, Percy M., The Bachs 1500-1850, London, Dent, 1970.
Zedler, Günther, Die Kantaten von Johann Sebastian Bach: Eine Einführung in die Werkgattung, Norderstedt, Demand GmbH, 2011.
七、期刊論文
陳希茹，〈「音樂修辭學」的適用性問題及其意義〉，《高雄師大學報》，17，高雄，高雄師範大學，2004，頁197-212。
盧文雅，＜正統路德宗與敬虔主義爭端下的J. S. Bach Mühlhausen Kantaten作品探討＞，《藝術評論》，第二十期，臺北，國立臺北藝術大學，2000，頁65-96。
Beachy, Robert, “Reforming Interregional Commerce: The Leipzig Trade Fairs and Saxony's Recovery from the Thirty Years' War”, Central European History, Vol. 32, No. 4 (1999), pp.431-452.
Landmann, Ortrun, “The Dresden Hofkapelle during the lifetime of Johann Sebastian Bach”, Early Music, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1988), pp. 17-30.
Kevorkian, Tanya, “Town Musicians in German Baroque Society and Culture”, German History, Vol. 30, No. 3 (2012), pp. 350-371.
Remnant, Mary, “Medieval Fiddles”, Early Music,Vol. 5, No. 2 (1977), p. 255.
Smithers, Don L., “Bach, Reiche and the Leipzig Collegia Musica” , Historic Brass Society Journal, Vol. 2, Issue 1 (1990), pp. 1-51.
Taggart, Stephen, “The Lincolnshire bagpipes”, Early Music, Vol. 4, No. 3 (1976), pp. 363-365.
Williams, Peter, “A chaconne by Georg Böhm: a note on German composers and French styles”, Early Music, Vol. 17, No. 1 (1989), pp. 13-54.
八、網路資料
基督教台灣信義會網站，〈奧古斯堡信條〉第二十四條〈論彌撒〉。http://www.twlutheran.org.tw/menu_list.php?m_id=1&l_id=6#04 （最後檢索日期2014/11/11）。
Spiegel-Online, “Johann Sebastian Bach: Früheste Handschriften in Weimar entdeckt”, 31.08.2006, http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/musik/johann-sebastian-bach-frueheste-handschriften-in-weimar-entdeckt-a-434564.html （最後檢索日期2015/01/13）。
IMSLP Petrucci Music Library, http://imslp.org/wiki/（最後檢索日期2015/07/26）