根據2005年交通部統計資料顯示台灣機動車輛已達兩千萬輛以上，其中汽車方面佔27％，私人車輛又佔其中的85％左右。由於台灣地狹人稠，汽機車密度甚高，在這樣的條件下，有必要讓大眾了解個別使用情況所產生的環境衝擊潛能，進而選擇可能對環境較少的衝擊條件。

移動車輛的研究面向相當多，例如光化煙霧、全球暖化的問題。研究範圍亦非常廣泛；但是對於大眾而言，這樣的資料涉及許多較深入的知識，對於一般大眾而言不易了解。故建立一個方法來呈現使用者輸入的資料，例如汽車選擇，使用情況等並將結果轉成衝擊評估效果呈現給使用者。若能以視窗的介面方式，讓大眾依各自不同的使用情況輸入其相關參數，進而得到可能產生的環境衝擊與指標，就可以讓大眾比較在不同的情境下產生的衝擊潛能。生命週期評估 (LCA)可以全面考量產品製造、使用以及廢棄等方面，本研究將發展顧客導向生命週期評估模組(COLCA model)，來建立使用者使用介面供大眾使用，研究中也考量到生命週期評估的範圍非常廣泛，並且研究學者所評估的衝擊可能並非大眾所感興趣，故本研究發展之軟體也將提供可建立不同的環境衝擊面向的附加介面，可以供有興趣或進階使用者增加新的衝擊評估。

本研究結果提供機動車輛引擎造成之光化學煙霧衝擊評估的理論的實例研究，實例有比較兩台車的選擇與不同行使狀況的選擇兩種實例研究；以及如何將方法給程式化的構想。將衝擊資料依序加以規劃評估的方法，並展示如何利用附加介面，來新增衝擊評估面向與更新資料。

When conducting environmental systems analyses, one of the ways to look at the society with environmental issues is to see it as a system of production and consumption processes. Many of the issues are usually related with both of those processes. To achieve a sustainable production processes, less pollution and higher efficiency should be pursued, products should be designed to function longer, and should be easily recycled and efficiently discharged. As for the consumption systems, if we want consumption systems sustainable, it is necessary to practice energy conservation, longer use of products, and waste separation.
If we take air pollution of mobile source as an example, the use phase is the major pollutant source of consumption items. To reduce pollutants from use phase, producers could improve efficiency, equip their product with a better catalyst, and make it more durable, easily maintained, easily recycled, and dismantled. Producers have been doing many breakthroughs and putting a lot of efforts in these aspects. However, those efforts by producers needs to be coupled with consumers efforts. To let consumers choose more environmentally friendly car and reconsider car use style, such as speed, frequency, or even the whole lifestyle using cars in different ways, more guidance from researches are needed, but actually, the research in this direction is few.
When consumers make a decision, priorities are given to initial cost, power, comfort, design, and environmental aspects. For many consumers, environmental aspect is still of less priority, because information on environmental impacts is not available when consumers make a decision that could be relevant to the air pollution. If we have a tool to communicate with consumers two things: environmental aspects of automobiles and emissions difference between different styles, we could let consumers put environmental aspects into consideration. For such communication tool, life cycle assessment (LCA) could be promising because it could communicate comprehensive environmental consequences of different choices. Use of LCA as a communication tool is done using eco-labeling, but that allows consumers only to receive the results of LCA studies. Consumption choices are diverse, and LCA studies are limited. This dilemma could be solved by enabling LCA of consumer choices being conducted by consumers themselves.
The objective of this study is to discuss framework of the Consumer-Oriented LCA methodology and design a model of such methodology for choices on car use. First, various items in LCA is discussed to clarify what constitute COLCA and how it could be used. Next, the use and extension of the model is discussed with hypothetical case studies. Using the model, consumers could key in personal inputs, such as car choice, different use styles, and get outputs of mid-point and end-point impacts. The model could be extended by consumers adding and updating impact categories, modules that accounts for consumption items, and inventory data. Finally, we point out future directions of development of COLCA methodology and tools.

Chapter 1:
1.交通部(2005) “台閩地區機動車輛登記數”
2.TEDS 5.1 (92.12 vision)
3.Atsushi Funazaki, Katsunori Taneda, Kiyotaka Tahara, Atsushi Inaba, “Automobile life cycle assessment issue at end-of-life and recycling”, JSAE Review 24(2003) 381-386
4.Udo Mildenberger, Anshuman Khare,(2000) “Planning for environment-friendly car”, Technovation(2000) 20 205-214.
5.Olle Hagman, “Mobilizing meanings of mobility: Car user’s constructions of the goods and bads of car use”, Transportation Research Part D 8 (2003) 1-9
Chapter 3:
1.Henrikke Baumann, Anne-Marie Tillman, “The Hitch Hiker’s Guide to LCA”.
2.ISO 14040, “Environmental management—Life cycle assessment—Principles and framework”
3.Martin Pehnt, “Life Cycle Assessment of Fuel Cell System”, Erscheint in Fuel Cell Handbook, Volume 3—Fuel Cell Technology and Application, JWiley, 2002
4.Atsushi Funazaki, Katsunori Taneda, Kiyotaka Tahara, Atsushi Inaba, “Automobile life cycle assessment issues at end-of-life and recycling” JSAE Review 24(2003) 381-386
5.S. Muttamara, Shing Tet Leong, and I. Lertvisansak, “Assessment of Bezene and Toluene Emissions from Automobile Exhaust in Bangkok”, Environmental Research Section A 81, 23-31(1999)
6.S Kent. Hoekman, “Speciated Measurements and Calculated Reactives of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions from Conventional and Reformulated Gasolines” Environ. Sci. technol. 1992, 26, 1206-1216
7.A. Russell; J. Milford; M. S. Bergin..etc, “Urban Ozone and Atmospheric Reactivity of Organic Gases”, Science, New Series, Vol.269, No. 5223(Jul. 28. 1995), 491-495
8.何文淵, “汽油車引擎廢氣揮發性有機物成份及光化反應潛勢”, 國立成功大學環境工程學系, 87年
9.Cai, Mi-Zhi, “The study of Emission Factors of Aromatic VOCs for Motorcycle and Vehicle”, NCKU Environmental engineering, 1995
10.黃靖雄(1996), “現代低公害省油汽車排氣汙染控制技術及裝置”, 全華科技圖書股份有限公司, 台北
11.“User’s Guide to MOBILE6.1 and MOBILE 6.2”, USEPA, EPA420-R-03-010 August 2003
12.“Appendix H : Highway Mobile Source Emission Factors Table”, USEPA
13.“Appendix G: Sample Calculation of Motor Vehicle Emissions”, USEPA
14.R.G. Derwent et al., “Photochemical ozone creation potentials for organic compounds in northwest Europe calculated with a master chemical mechanism”, Atmospheric Environment Vol. 32, No.14/15, pp. 2429 – 2441, 1998.
15.R. G. Derwent et al., “Hydrocarbons and long-range transport of ozone and pan across Europe”, Atmospheric Environment Vol. 25A No. 8, pp. 1661-1678, 1991.
16.Chih-Chung Chang, et al. “Assessment of reducing ozone forming potential for vehicles using liquefied petroleum gas as an alternative fuel”, Atmospheric Environment 35(2001) 6201-6211.
17.A. Russell, J. Milford, M. S. Bergin, S. McBride, L. McNair, Y. Yang, W. R. Stockwell, “Urban Ozone Control and Atmospheric Reactivity of Organic Gases“, Science, New Series, Vol. 269, No.5223(Jul.28,1995), 491-495.
18.yueh-Jiun Yang, William R. Stockwell, and Jana B. Milford, “Uncertainties in Incremental Reactivities of Volatile Organic Compounds”, Environ. Sci. Technol. 1995, 29, 1336-1345.
19.William P. L. Carter and Roger Atkinson, “An Experlmental Study of Incremental Hydrocarbon Reactivity”, Environ. Sci. Technol., Vol. 21, No. 7, 1987, 670-679
20.William P. L. Carter and Roger Atkinson, “Computer Modeling Study of Incremental Hydrocarbon Reactivity”, Environ. Sci. Technol. 1989, 23, 864-880
21.Michael E. Jenkin, Garry D. Hayman, “Photochemical ozone creation potentials for oxygenated volatile organic compounds: sensitivity to variations in kinetic and mechanistic parameters”, Atmospheric Environment Vol. 33(1999) 1275-1293.
22.J. Todorovic, C. Duboka and Z. Arsenic, “Operational life expectancy of rubbing elements in automobile brakes”, Tribiology International Vol. 28, No. 7 , pp 423-432, 1995
23.T. M. Mata, R. L. Smith, D. M. Young, C.A.V. Costa, “Environmental analysis of gasoline blending components through their life cycle”, Journal of Cleaner Production 13 (2005) 517- 523
24.Atsushi Funazaki, katsunori Taneda, Kiyotaka Tahara, Atsushi Inaba, “Automobile life cycle assessment issues at end-of-life and recycling”, JSAE Review 24 (2003), 381-386
25.W.G. Colella, M.Z. Jacobson, D.M. Golden, “Switching to a U.S hydrogen fuel cell vehicle fleet: The resultant change in emissions, energy use and greenhouse gases”, Journal of Power Source 150 (2005) 150-181
26.Chih-Chung Chang, Jiunn-Guang, Lo, Jia-Lin Wang, “Assessment of reducing ozone forming potential for vehicles using liquefied petroleum gas as an alternative fuel”, Atmospheric Environment 35 (2001) 6201-6211
27.Reinout Heijungs, Mark Goedkoop, Jaap Struijs, Suzanne Effting, Maartje Sevenster, and Gjalt Huppes, “Towards a life cycle impact assessment method which comprises category indicators at the midpoint and endpoint level.”, Report of the first project phase: Design of the new method
28.Norihiro Itsubo and Atsushi Inaba, “A New LCIA Method: LIME has been completed”, National institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Environmental Impact Assessment Team, Research Center for Life Cycle Assessment, 16-1 Onogawa Tsukuba lbaraki 305-8569, Japan
29.Kumiko AMEMIYA, Norio TAKEYAMA, Hideki KOBAYASHI, Hideharu HATANAKA, Norihiro ITSUBO, “Life Cycle Assessment of a Non-fluorocarbon Refrigerator”, Corporate Research & Development Center, Toshiba Corp.
30.Kensuke Fuse, Satoshi Oikawa, Kawasaki Ebisu, “Eco-efficiency of Personal Computer Utilizing EcoLeaf and LIME
Chapter 4:
1.Sangwon Suh, Manfred lenzen, .etc, “System Boundary Selection in Life-Cycle Inventories Using Hybrid Approaches”, VOL. 38, NO. 3, 2004/ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
2.Keisuke nansai, Yuichi Moriguchi, Susumu Tohno, “Compilation and Application of Japanese Inventories for Energy Consumption and Air Pollutant Emissions Using Input-Output Tables”, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 37, 2005-2015.
3.Helias A. Udo de Haes, Oliver Jolliet, etc, “SETAC-Europe: Second Working Group on LCIA: Best Available Practice Regarding Impact Categories and Category Indicators in Life Cycle Impact Assessment”, Int. J. LCA 4(2) 66-74 (1999)
4.Goran Finnveden, “Methodological aspect of life cycle assessment of integrated solid waste management systems”, Resource, Conservation and Recycling 26 (1999) 173-187.
5.S Kent. Hoekman, “Speciated Measurements and Calculated Reactives of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions from Conventional and Reformulated Gasolines” Environ. Sci. technol. 1992, 26, 1206-1216
6.Udo Mildenberger, Anshuman Khare, “Planning for an environment-friendly car”, Technovation 20(2000) 205-214
7.Reinout Heijungs, Mark Geodkoop, etc, “Toward a life cycle impact assessment method which comprises category indicators at the midpoint and the endpoint level”, report of the first project phase: Design of the new method, UNEP-EPA-CML
8.Michael Z. Hauschild, “Assessing Environmental Impacts in a Life-Cycle Perspective: Life cycle assessments have important limitations, but efforts are under way to improve the methodology”, February 15, 2005/ Environmental Science & Technology
9.Norihiro Itsubo and Atsushi Inaba, “A New LCIA Method: LIME has been completed”, National institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Environmental Impact Assessment Team, Research Center for Life Cycle Assessment, 16-1 Onogawa Tsukuba lbaraki 305-8569, Japan
10.“User’s Guide to MOBILE6.1 and MOBILE 6.2”, USEPA, EPA420-R-03-010 August 2003
11.“Appendix H : Highway Mobile Source Emission Factors Table”, USEPA
12.Gerard Tertoolen, Dik Van Kreveld, and Ben Verstraten, „Psychological resistance against attempts to reduce private car use“, Transport Res.-A, Vol. 32, No. 3, pp. 171-181, 1998.
13.Jason J. Daniel, Marc A. Rosen, “Exergetic environmental assessment of life cycle emissions for various automobiles and fuels”, Exergy, an International Journal 2(2002) 283-294.
Chapter5:
1.“User’s Guide to MOBILE6.1 and MOBILE 6.2”, USEPA, EPA420-R-03-010 August 2003
2.“Appendix H : Highway Mobile Source Emission Factors Table”, USEPA
3.“Appendix G: Sample Calculation of Motor Vehicle Emissions”, USEPA
4.S Kent. Hoekman, “Speciated Measurements and Calculated Reactives of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions from Conventional and Reformulated Gasolines” Environ. Sci. technol. 1992, 26, 1206-1216
5.R.G. Derwent et al., “Photochemical ozone creation potentials for organic compounds in northwest Europe calculated with a master chemical mechanism”, Atmospheric Environment Vol. 32, No.14/15, pp. 2429 – 2441, 1998
6.R. G. Derwent et al., “Hydrocarbons and long-range transport of ozone and pan across Europe”, Atmospheric Environment Vol. 25A No. 8, pp. 1661-1678, 1991
7.S Kent. Hoekman, “Speciated Measurements and Calculated Reactives of Vehicle Exhaust Emissions from Conventional and Reformulated Gasolines” Environ. Sci. technol. 1992, 26, 1206-1216
8.Michael E. Jenkin, Garry D. Hayman, “Photochemical ozone creation potentials for oxygenated volatile organic compounds: sensitivity to variations in kinetic and mechanistic parameters”, Atmospheric Environment Vol. 33(1999) 1275-1293.
9.A. Russell, J. Milford, M. S. Bergin, S. McBride, L. McNair, Y. Yang, W. R. Stockwell, “Urban Ozone Control and Atmospheric Reactivity of Organic Gases“, Science, New Series, Vol. 269, No.5223(Jul.28,1995), 491-495.
10.Reinout Heijungs, Mark Goedkoop, Jaap Struijs, Suzanne Effting, Maartje Sevenster, and Gjalt Huppes, “Towards a life cycle impact assessment method which comprises category indicators at the midpoint and endpoint level.”, Report of the first project phase: Design of the new method.